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S2A Spalding's Official Athletic Rules 



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No. 1 Spaldhig's Official Base Ball 

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No. 202 How to Play Base Ball 
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No. 229 How to Catch 
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No 226 How to Play Second Base 
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No. 208 Physical Education and Hy- 
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Spalding "Red Cover" Series of 

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No. 50R 



COURT GAMES 




RACQUETS 

COURT TENNIS 

HAND TENNIS 

SQUASH 



EDITED BY 

FREDERICK R. TOOMBS 



PUBLISHED BY 



AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING fl 

Ur rn COMPANY 1^ 

' — ' '— ' ' — 5 21 Warren Street. New York c — 

° n ' ^ n 




n3 



Copyright, 1914 

BY 

American Sports Publishing Company 
New York 






JUL 25 1914 



f NDEX 



PAGE 

The Relation of Tennis to Racquets and Squash 7 

The Strokes and Their Execution 45 

Racquet Rules 51 

Squash 59 

The Rules of Squash 72 

Squash Rules of E. H. Miles 74 

Hints on Building Racquet and Squash Courts 79 

Court Tennis 81 

The Rules of Court Tennis 92 

Hand Tennis 101 

The Rules of Hand Tennis 105 



[As the positions of players in Racquets and Squash are largely 
the same, the poses relating to these games in this book are 
interchangeable. They will answer for either game, no matter 
which style of bat is used.— The Editor.] 




No. 1-A FOREHAND STROKE-THE HALF VOLLEY (WITH A SQUASH 
RACQUET). 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 



THE RELATION OF TENNIS TO RACKETS 
AND SQUASH 



The origin of the various court games now finding pubUc 
favor has been the subject of vokiminous writings and of wide 
discussion among people identified with them. Court Tennis 
is probably the oldest of them all. Chroniclers of the events 
of ages long past frequently mention games in which racquets and 
balls, naturally of a comparatively crude sort were used, and we 
have many accounts of contests plaj-ed by old-time rulers and 
nobles of England, France and Spain. Kings Henry V., VI., 
and VIII., of England, and members of their courts found 
great enjoyment in a form of tennis, as also did Louis XI. and 
XII., Charles IX., Louis XIII, and Louis XIV., of France, and 
Phillip III., of Spain. 

The antiquity of games in which balls were batted to and fro 
by either hands or other implements may be imagined when 
it is known that the Ancient Greeks and Romans were players 
of and indulged in pastimes of this general nature. The Lydians 
played ball games, about which Herodotus has told, and Homer 
does not neglect to mention Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, 
King of Pha?acia, and her- merry maidens who were also devotees 
of sports of this nature. Prof. Flinders Petrie, the eminent arch- 
aeologist, brought to light in excavations near Cairo, crude balls 
of leather and wood which were used by the Egyptian four 
thousand years ago or more, and in one of the inscriptions in 
Pompeii there are references to Pilcrepi, or ball players, and 
Pliny's friend, Purrina, was a devoted patron of games of this 
sort in an effort to preserve his health. 

In the Middle Ages a form of handball was in vogue in 
France and Italy, and the Spaniards also played one or two games 
very similar. These games were played out of doors. The exis- 
tence of the racquet is noted in the fourteenth century, and won 
comparatively frequent reference after the year 600. 

Tennis, as it more closely resembles its present form, was un- 




No. 2-THE BACKHAND STROKE (WITH A SQUASii RACQUET). 



Spalding" s Athletic Library. 9 

doubtedly taken into England from France. The Frenchmen 
called the game Jeu de Paume ; Paume originating from Palma, 
the hand. The enthusiasm with which the game was received 
by the aristocracy of those days demonstrated clearly that they 
were in need of some such exercise to vary the military sports, 
such as jousting, etc. 

Shakespeare recognizes the game when, in "Henry V.," he 
tells of the French Ambassadors and their presentation to the 
youthful monarch, of a ''tun of treasure" from the Dauphin. 
Henry questioned : 

"What treasure, uncle ? 
£'xe<er.— Tennis balls, my liege. 
K. Henry.— '^e are glad the Dauphin is so pleasant with us; 
His present, and your pains, we thank you for: 
When we have match 'd our rackets to these balls. 
We will, in France, by God's grace, play a set. 
Shall strike his father's crown into the hazard: 
Tell him, he hath made a match with such a wrangler. 
That all the courts of France will be disturb'd 
With chases.' " 

Racquets has been described as a younger sister of court ten- 
nis, and lawn tennis is also an outcome of the old game of 
tennis which, while originally played outdoors, gradually evolved 
into an outdoor pastime. Squash in turn, might fittingly be 
termed a daughter of racquets, for it is nothing more or less than 
a variation of the latter sport. Racquets is primarily a product 
of England, where it has been developed to its highest degree of 
perfection. The British professionals are the exponents of the 
most advanced form of racquets, and Americans have had the 
fortune to see some of them play in this country. 

Probably the first men to have their names appear in racquet 
narratives were Thomas Pittmann and Robert Mackay. These 
players were in the height of their activity about 1821, and were 
leaders in the pastime as then conducted. They were profession- 
als and gave instruction to many men who afterward became 
able amateurs. The game gradually obtained a firmer foothold 
in England, and the ranks of both professionals and amateurs 
became noticeably larger. 



10 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 





FRONT 


WALL 






Width of Court 


31 feet, 6 inches 






c 








c 
> 

5 






Service 
Box 

(Servo 
Rig-lit) 


Service 

Box 
(Serve 
Left) 




Cross Court Line, 


39 feet from 1^'ront Wall 














"3 








BACK WALL* 




' Galler 


y is above Backwall. 







DIAGRAM No. 1-FLOOR PLAN OF A RACQUET COURT 



Spalding s Athletic Library. n 

A notable game of racquets that has come down in tradition 
took place in England in the early 6o's. The contest was be- 
tween Sir William Hart-Dyke and Francis Erwood. Sir William 
was then amateur champion of England. Erwood was the pro- 
fessional champion. Much to the surprise of the majority of 
the followers of racquets, Sir William defeated the professional. 
His victory is said to have resulted from superior condition. 
Sir William v/as the only man in the history of racquets that 
ever held both amateur and open championship titles of Eng- 
land. The amateurs of to-day have but little chance against the 
professionals, the latter having practically exhausted the possi- 
bilities of the game, so far as the mastering of its difficulties is 
concerned. 

The first properly constructed racquet court was constructed in 
London in 1853, Princes Court. The amateur championship of 
England was established considerably later, when the Queen's 
Club was completed in West Kensington. 

In America many of the professionals are Englishmen, although 
some very able men have been developed over here. The ama- 
teurs of the United States also play remarkably strong games, 
and a large number of them have attained prominence. 

The early game of racquets, then played out of doors, was not 
strikingly different from the sport of the present day, except 
in minor particulars. The latter-day players, however, have 
brought it to what has been said by authorities to be the limit 
of its advancement, in point of expertness of play. Another 
game in the same family with racquets, laying claim to a greater 
age, and which has been introduced into the United States, is 
Pelota or Jai-a-li. This pastime is a prime favorite with Span- 
iards and Cubans, and is played with a peculiar scoop-like, nar- 
row wicker racquet, or basket, into which the ball is caught and 
projected against a curved wall. The ball can be sent with ter- 
rific force, just as in racquets, and men have been known to 
receive painful injuries by being struck with it. 

In the entertaining Badminton volume, printed in England, 
a writer speaks of the early days of racquets in a manner that 
lends an atmosphere of romance to the pastime and its tradi- 



12 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 



St feet, 6 inches across 



FRONT WALL 



Service Line. 8 or 10 feet from Floor. 



Play Line. 2 feet. 6 inches, from Floor- 



rhe "Board" 



FLOOR 



DIAGRAM No. 2-FRONT WALL OF A RACQUET COURT 



SpaldUig' s Athletic Library. 13 

tions. After speaking of tennis, the author continues by saying: 

"Her younger sister (racquets), on the other hand, has had no 
such advantages. Nobody up to date has ever in writing been 
so bold as to claim high rank for her. If she existed previous 
to this century, she has been passed by on the other side as a 
queen, who, hid either in a gaol or in the pothouse, was un- 
worthy of notice by a respectable person. Where kings, in fact, 
played one game (tennis), the lowest persons in fiction played 
the otlier. The author of 'Pickwick' introduces a racquet player, 
whose dingy appearance is only equaled by the gloom of his 
surroundings. But though Henry VHI. and Charles H. play 
one game in a palace or 'Smangle' plays the other within the 
walls of the Fleet (the famous Fleet Prison in London, where a 
racquet court at one time existed), those facts render the man- 
ner in which racquets has come to the front all the more remark- 
able." 

The foregoing quotation touches on a phase of the history 
of racquets that has remained unknown to the general public, 
and that is the fact that in the days long gone by the game 
was patronized only by the working people of England and 
France. But finally the attention of the higher classes was 
attracted by the fascinating nature of the exercise involved, and 
soon racquets became one of the well-known pastimes. 

It is a matter of historical record that the time came in both 
England and France when by special edicts from the thrones the 
playing of "idle games," by W'hich was meant tennis, handball, 
etc., by the common people was prohibited. The reason given 
was that the practice of these "vain sports" would retard the 
progress of military training. 

It is keenly regretted by the devotees of racquets that the 
history of the game has not been preserved. The definite records 
of its past are complete only as they refer to its more recent 
development. Only scattering references to it. as it existed 
in its early form, are available and these by reason of their 
unauthoritative narration, give rise to differences of opinion 
among the writers of to-day, who naturally are wont to place 
independent construction on the meaning of these references 




No. 3-A GRIP FREQUENTLY USED IN BOTH RACQUETS AND SQUASH. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. IS 

as they find them. The ancient days of tennis and its patronage 
by royaky have often been described, even in detail, and the 
popularity of the older game undoubtedly cast a shadow over 
racquets, its close relative, and from which it was difficuH to 

fiTierffe. 

A DESCRIPTION OF RACQUETS. 

The Increasing vogue of Indoor games is one of the significant 
developments of modern pastimes, and the most popular branches 
of this class of athletic diversion, court tennis, racquets and 
squash-racquets, demonstrate their powers of attraction and fas- 
cination by the firm hold which they obtain on their patrons. 
And, Indeed, there Is no cause for wonder that these Inspirit- 
ing, health-giving recreations have firmly Intrenched themselves 
In the hearts of exercise-loving people of different nations. They 
com-blne all the elements that go to make up the kind of sports 
reveled In by temperaments fond of action, of the more strenu- 
ous forms of amusement, and which best thrive on such athletic 
pabulum as serves to bring Into play practically all the muscles 
of the body. 

In the considering of racquets, squash, and court tennis, we 
will In this book give the preference In treatment to racquets. 
While tennis Is the older of the three games, and more advanced 
in some respects. Its excessive cost places It out of the range of 
the many. It has attained Its greatest range of popularity In 
England, where a large number of courts are established and 
do not lack patrons. Squash also, with its sterling and en- 
joyable qualities wellUeservIng of the praise of Its votaries, is 
clearly the most popular game of the three games In America, 
but as It: Is a development of racquets, It is given treatment as 
secondary to the older pastime. 

Racquets, like squash, Is played In a court Inclosed by four 
walls, and known as front, side and back walls. The regula- 
tion court (see diagram i) Is 63 feet long and 31^ feet wide, 
although these figures vary In different places, according to the 
amount of space that can be conveniently devoted to the pur- 
pose. Tlie front wall, against which the ball is served, is 
crossed by a service, or cut line, which must be more than eight 




Uo. 4 A G.ai' Si >\ii;i i.\ii;s used for backhand strokes. 

P''ofessionals never chauije the grip, using the same for all strokes. They do not 
encourage placing the thumb along the handle as in this photo. 



Spalding 5 Athletic Library, 17 

feet, usually ten, from the floor. The ball must strike above 
this line during the serve. The "play" line, marking the limit 
for low balls after the serve has been delivered, is 2 feet 2>2 
inches from the floor. The space from the play line to the floor 
is called the board. (For the front wall see diagram No. 2.) 

Across the floor of the court, about 40 feet from the front 
wall, is drawn another line, setting off a space Into which the 
server must send the ball on the ground, or else be penalized 
on its repetition. This section is In turn cut In half by a fault 
line, or half-court line, extending from the middle of the cross 
line to the middle of the back wall. The ball must be served 
into either of these courts or sections, according to the server's 
position. The server alternates between two little boxes marked 
off on either side of the court at the points where the side walls 
and cross court line meet. The service boxes extend forward 
from the line recrossing the court. When the server sends the 
ball from the left service box, the ball must strike the front 
wall over the service line before mentioned and rebound into 
the court on the right side, marked off by the cross court and 
half court lines. This maneuver is called "serving right." To 
"serve left" the server stands in the right-hand service box and 
causes the ball to rebound Into the section to the left of the 
half-court line. For back wall see photo No. 14. 

The uninitiated reader will undoubtedly be aided in under- 
Standing these fundamental principles of the game by studying the 
diagram of a racquet court (diagram i) accompanying this chapter. 

When actual play Is about to begin, the server is determined 
by the spinning of a racquet In a manner similar to the practice 
among tennis players. The person naming whichever side of the 
racquet turning uppermost — the rough or smooth side of the gut 
—has the privilege of taking the serve. He invariably does this, 
for the server has an advantage of his opponent. This advan- 
tage is modified, however, by the system of scoring. It gives 
the server's opponent the option of "setting" the game at cer- 
tain stages. This feature of play will be explained later. 

The server takes his position in the service box and puts the 
ball In play. The outside player stands in the larger court on 




No. 5-ANUTliER MODE OF GRIPPING THE RACQUET HANDLE. 
The fingers should not be crowded. Notice the position of the little finger. 



Spalding's Athletic Library, l^ 

the side opposite to that chosen by the server, and into which 
the ball must rebound in order to be put in play. As the ball 
comes into the out player's territory he is allowed to return it 
to any part of the front wall above the play line or board. The 
playing now continues, with both contestants exerting their 
full endeavor to return the ball to the front wall in turn. The 
server is called the "hand-in," and his opponent the "hand-out." 
As is also the rule in handball, the scoring is done by the server. 
When the hand-out makes a misplay, allowing the server to win 
a stroke, the server wins a point, termed in racquets an ace. The 
hand-in retains the serve until by misplay he loses a stroke. 
Then the hand-in becomes the hand-out. 

The server scores in three ways : 

Whenever his opponent fails to return the ball to the front 
wall and above the play line before it has bounded twice (un- 
less conditions make it a "let"). 

Whenever the hand-out returns the ball out of court. 

Whenever the hand-out interferes with the ball in any way, 
permitting it to strike any part of his body or clothing. 

The hand-in relinquishes the serve to his opponent and be- 
comes hand-out : 

Whenever he serves the ball in such a manner that it touches 
him before it goes into the proper court. 

If the ball served, strikes the board, or out of court. 

If, while serving, he sends the ball against any part of the 
court before it strikes the front wall. 

When two successive "faults" are scored against him. 

When his return fails to strike the front wall above the play 
line or board. 

When the ball is returned out of court by him, and when the 
ball comes in contact with his body or clothing. 

For the benefit of beginners in racquets, will explain "faults" 
and their bearing on the game. A fault may be any one of 
four offences, which, on two consecutive repetitions, bring down 
a penalty on the server. The server makes a fault when he 
puts the ball in play without having at least one of his feet in 
tlic service box, and, as specified in the rules, no part of this 





iiiiiI8biv"1 



Racquet is held too high upon handle, and the fingers are crowded together. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 21 

foot must touch the lines that form the box; when the ball is 
struck by him two or more times during the same play ; if the 
ball strikes below the service Hne, and also when the ball docs 
not rebound into the proper court. 

A game of racquets ends at "fifteen up," meaning that the 
player first scoring fifteen aces, wins. The custom of "setting," 
which, as before stated, aids in overcoming the server's ''balance 
of power" over his opponent, prolongs the contest somewhat 
when the hand-out takes advantage of it. When the score is 
thirteen all the hand-out can claim the right to "set" the game 
to 5 or to 3, provided that he so announces his intention be- 
fore the next ball is served. The foregoing means that the 
player first winning 5 or 3 aces, whichever way the game is 
"set," is the victor. 

Should the score be fourteen all, the hand-out may "set" the 
game to 3. Therefore, the contestant first tallying 3 aces is the 
winner. 

The official governor of the play is the marker, who passes judg- 
ment on the different phases of play and on disputed questions. 
However, in match contests, the marker is supplemented by an 
umpire and a referee, but these officials do not restrict in any 
way the marker's jurisdiction over all cases where the service 
is concerned. The marker Is the sole authority — the final court 
on disputes of this description. But he may voluntarily seek 
the advice of the umpire and referee, if he so chooses. 

A "let" in racquets disqualifies either the serve or an inter- 
change of returns, generally known as a "rally," and in Eng- 
land formerly known as a "bully." Should the ball come in 
contact with the striker's opponent, on or above his knee — ac- 
cording to the marker's opinion — in such a manner as to pre- 
vent it from continuing to the front wall over the play line, or 
should the marker consider that the player unintentionally hin- 
dered his opponent in any way, in returning the ball, the play 
is a "let," and does not count for either contestant. The server 
again delivers the spheroid, and from the box used in the orig- 
inal service. 

Two, three, or four persons can participate in the same game 




No. 7-A FOREHAND STROKE (WITH A RACQUET BAT) AT THt^ 
POINT OF CONTACT WITH BALK 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 22 

of racquets, but the singles are by far the superior branch of 
the sport. In fact, there are some players who say that taking 
part in doubles interferes with the development of their indi- 
vidual style of play. Of course, the social element which enters 
Into a four-handed game undoubtedly has attractions for many 
wielders of the racquet, and which they do not care to relinquish. 
Therefore the Four will always find supporters, and will flourish 
as long as the game lasts. 

The player in a four-handed game, or doubles, has constantly 
to remember that his partner has rights equal to his own, and 
should always seek to give him a fair chance in the playing. 
To monopolize the "centre of the stage" during doubles, rob- 
bing your helpmate of opportunities to get into action, in order 
that you may better display whatever ability you may possess, 
is not a mode of procedure that will in any way work materially 
to your advantage. It certainly will not improve your standing 
among your associates. Team work of a striking order can be 
developed by assiduous practice with the same partner, and in 
doubles contests, where experts are engaged, rare sport is en- 
joyed both by participants and spectators. The feeling that one 
is pressed for space is always more or less of a handicap to 
doubles players that have spent most of their time in singles, 
but with continued practice the impression will wear off. 

The average game of racquets lasts about a quarter of an hour. 
Five games usually constitute a singles match, and in doubles, 
seven. The marker and spectators occupy a gallery built in at 
the top of the back wall. This gallery affords an excellent coign 
of vantage for those wishing to follow the progress of a game, 
and to study the individual characteristics and modes of play of 
the contestants. 

A TALK TO BEGINNERS. 
Every person who Welshes to become an effective player of 
racquets must immediately disabuse himself of all thoughts that 
he can take life easy, and withal make a good showing. This 
is imperative. The racquet player is a man of action, of accom- 
plishment, a man of speedy movement, and who at the same 




No. 8-THE FOI>LOW-THROUGH OF A FOREHAND STROKE. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 25 

time does not necessarily sacrifice accuracy. The lightning xhmk- 
ers and rapid movers are the ones who become notably pro- 
ficient in the manipulation of the racquets, and who does not 
desire proficienc)'', even if not expertness, in any pastime to 
which he devotes his time, energy and money? Therefore, if 
you start to learn the science of racquets (for the game is every 
Bit of a science, as well as a healthful and instructive diver- 
sion), make up your mind to become a good player. In so doing 
you will receive double, yes triple, benefit, and will derive 
from the game a mead of enjoyment unobtainable otherwise. 
Of course, there are a few famous players who win honors even 
though they do not appear to exert themselves as much as do 
some others. To the uninitiated they show ability to return the 
ball safely and tellingly without any considerable amount of 
sudden transition of base. Yet this peculiarity of play, which 
might tend to encourage a belief in the minds of certain tyros 
that, after all, racquets is not very hard exercise, is the result of 
years of study and playing. These pla3'ers in question, and 
who are exceptions to the general rule, have finally succeeded 
in forming a style of play which might possibly indicate that 
they are taking liberties with their opponents. In reality they 
are doing no such thing. On the contrary, they have cultivated 
their individual powers to such a degree that by using a long 
reach, a long step, or an unusually agile twist of the arm, or 
flick of the wrist, they can overcome conditions that would cause 
others to do more or less jumping about. Also by the develop- 
ment of the habit of critically analyzing the style of play of their 
opponents, these players can oftentimes foretell instinctively the 
particular part of the court to which the ball will be returned. 
Thus, they are enabled to regulate their movements accordingly. 
The most important lesson for the beginner to learn is that 
of practicing faithfully. The golfers, lawn tennis players, cricket- 
ers, boxers, fencers, and, in fact, the followers of every branch 
of sport calling for ability, accuracy and finesse, consider prac- 
tice as necessary to success as breath is to life. The racquet 
plaj^ers should profit by their example. When it is considered 
what the beginner has to do in order to fit himself for racquets, 




No. 9- 



CARRY THE HEAD OF THE RACQUET UK 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 27 

the value of constant drill will appeal to him all the more forcibly. 
To begin with, he has a shoulder, an arm, a wrist, a back, and 
legs that are not flexible enough to carry him creditably through 
a contest. Only practice will overcome this shortcoming. His 
eyes are necessarily slow at first to follow the little white sphere. 
The muscles used In putting force into strokes are not possessed 
of the development, they should have. More important still, the 
prospective player has no knowledge whatever, unless it be 
purely theoretical, of the technique of the game and Its many 
ramifications, which only the conscientious following of trust- 
worthy Instruction will give him. The handling of the racquet, 
his position in the court during different stages of play, his exe- 
cution of strokes, his service, his power of adaptation to emer- 
gencies, all these features and others, remain to be mastered. 
There Is but one path to follov/ to gain success. Advancement 
along It can only be had by persistent practice, and a determina- 
tion to Improve. The way has been blazed by hundreds of am- 
bitious athletes. Those who tread this path have hours and days 
ahead of them which must be spent in conscientious endeavor 
before they can emerge into the bright sunlight of opportunity 
and the pleasures It reveals to them. For, rest assured, the 
reward Is more than worthy of the trouble, and It may be well 
said that there Is no accomplished player of racquets to-day in 
this country or any other that regrets the labor spent In pre- 
paring himself for activity in the higher planes of competition. 
He has placed within his power a means of spending pleasant 
hours with his friends; has given himself the ability to show 
his rivals for athletic honors that he is a foeman worthy of 
their strongest efforts, and has found a healthful, exhilarating 
exercise that lends life-added zest and that gives him the best 
possible preparation for meeting professional and domestic cares. 
Concerning the modes of practice, there Is much that should 
be said, and the writer will go into details relating to them later 
on, when the reader will have been brought into a better under- 
derstanding of the game. 

Rapid progress should not be the sole thought of any tyro 
especially during the first stages of his induction Into the mys- 




No. 10-A WAITING POSITION. WAITING FOR A REBOUND OFF THE 
BACK WALU 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 29 

teries of the game. Great care should be taken to understand 
fully what you observe and are taught. Know what to do, and 
why you do it. Every move has some significance, every stroke 
its peculiarities, every play its variations. Even the position of 
the fingers as they grasp the handle of the racquet, the carriage 
of the head during play, the movements of the feet, the balance 
of the body as you go from one spot to another, should be gov- 
erned according to the advice of your instructor and corrected 
as occasion warrants. Finally, you will develop form that yo;i 
will always maintain as a sort of second nature, absolutely with- 
out the cognizance of your mind. But do not become automaton- 
like in your movements. Machinery is not at all desirable in 
the racquet court. Let your joints be loose, the bones playing 
easily in their sockets, still remembering, however, that there 
is not a great deal remaining to be discovered in racquets, and 
that when you diverge strikingly from the methods of the lead- 
ers of the day you will be considered faulty and freakish, rather 
than as intelligently original. 

Actual competition is admittedly, or it should be, the goal of 
every beginner. His ambition is a laudable one, but he should 
be content to bide his time until he has control of the game 
to such an extent that he is perfectly at home under all cir- 
cumstances. To plunge into competition at too early a stage in 
your development Vv^ill bring you in contact with discouraging 
rebuffs, from the more advanced players, who are not particularly 
anxious to take the edge from their game by lowering their 
standard of play to fit yours, and then you will be very apt to 
form faulty habits of execution. These habits, like those we are 
prone to contract in daily life, are harder to break than they 
are to avoid entirely in the first place. So, don't take any chances 
on forming them. Wait until you yourself and your instructor 
are sure that you have mastered more than the mere rudiments 
before you go into the fray against your superiors. Although 
this method of polishing up your weak points in practice may be 
somewhat tedious compared to starting to play as soon as you 
have formed only a vague idea of the game, yet you will later 
appreciate the soundness of the advice and will be ready to sug- 




yo n-AN INCORRECT WAITING POSITION (HEAD OF RACQUET 
* ' NOT HELD UP)c 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 31 

gest it to others. Rome was not built in a day, and a racquet 
player is not made in a week. 

CHOOSING A RACQUET— THE BALLS— CLOTHING. 

Beginners in racquets should take particular pains to equip 
themselves with implements entirely suited to their individual 
peculiarities and requirements. Some players are wont to in- 
dulge in fads in the selection of rackets, and the sooner the 
beginner puts all such ideas out of his mind the more satisfac- 
tory will be his progress in the game. Be careful about the 
weight of your racquet. Do not use one that is either too heavy 
or too light. If 3-ou are possessed of large muscular develop- 
ment, a racquet of comparatively light weight will be better 
suited to you. You will be able to handle it quickly and more 
easily. At the same time your strength will make possible your 
putting all the necessary force into your strokes. If a weak 
man. a heavier implement will probably be the best adapted to 
your purpose. The weight will give the ball impetus impossible 
to derive from a light racket in the same hands. Should ycu de- 
sire to increase the weight of a racquet which you particularly 
like, you can easily do it by wrapping the handle with strips 
of thin leather. It is generally preferable to have the weight 
in the handle. You will then have better control of the racquet. 

Be sure that your racquet is strong, as regards both frame 
and strmgs. Too pronounced economy in preparing yourself 
for the game will prove very unsatisfactory in the end. You 
will derive more benefit and pleasure from one first-class racquet 
than from three inferior ones. 

As you progress in the game you will probably form your own 
ideas as to your likes and dislikes in the matter of racquet 
handles. Some players prefer grips thicker than others, and vice 
versa. The gut should be stretched moderately tight for or- 
dinary purposes, and as tight as possible for match contests. 
When not in use your racquet should be kept in a press. Other- 
wise, it will become misshapen and lose its accuracy and tone. A 
press will prolong the life of a racquet threefold. Discrimination 
in the choice of balls will always repay. In practice games balls 




o. 12-THE POSITION OF THE FEET IN "SIDE RUNNING. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. -t^T, 

that are a bit soft will answer the purpose. In match games 
harder bails arc used. 

Your suit should, of course, be flannel. Flannels are to the 
racquet player what party gowns are to the debutants. They are 
indispensable. Both the upper garment and the trousers should 
be cut so as to give absolute freedom of motion. Tightness about 
the shoulders is particularly to be avoided. Your undervest may 
be of cotton, hghtly woven wool, or any other uncumbersome 
material. Wear a belt. Do not fall a victim to braces, which, 
while they may possibly prove a better support to the flannels, 
certainly hinder the easy play of the shoulder muscles. 

Concerning the shoes, the chief requirements should be a 
strong, serviceable sole and upper. The sole should not be one 
so unpliable that it will deaden the foot, and yet it should be 
heavy enough to prevent you from becoming footsore through 
running about on the hard flooring. They should grip the floor, 
to some extent, to obviate all chances of slipping. High shoes 
should be worn by those wdiose ankles are not overly strong. 
A white sweater is part of the v/ardrobe of most players. 

HOW TO HOLD THE RACQUET. 
Every player ought to learn to hold his racquet properly, that 
is, in a manner making its manipulation most effective with a 
minimum of efi'ort and tune. Your primary object is to present 
the full face of the racquet to the ball. There are two sides to 
which the ball can go. the forehand and the backhand. The 
former is your right-hand side, the backhand is your left. The 
ball can best be handled on the forehand side. In executing the 
average forehand stroke (see Fig. i) you sweep the racquet 
down and forward with your right arm more or less straight. 
In the backhand stroke (see Fig. 2) your right arm must neces- 
sarily be thrust across your body, and in most cases bent at the 
elbow. In order to obtain the best results you should hold 
the racquet so that either class of strokes is possible without 
the changing of your grasp on the handle. Ojie of the best 
methods is to close the fingers around the handle, wath the 
thumb crosswise and touching- the side of the forefinger (see 



No. 13-HOLDING THE RACQUET TO PROTECT THE FACE. 



Spalding s Athletic Library, 35 

Fig. 3), with the handle slanting slightly from across the mid- 
dle of the palm to the first joint, or in some cases over the middle 
section of the forefinger. This grasp can be used in both the 
forehand and backhand strokes, but certain players prefer to ex- 
tend the thumb along the back of the handle (see Fig. 4) in back- 
hand strokes, thereby deriving added power. 

You must use your own judgment to a great extent as to 
what part of the handle you will enclose in your grip. Some 
players take the extreme end of the handle in the middle of 
their palm, bending the little finger beneath it (see Fig. 5). 
Others grasp the handle a short distance from the end, and still 
others are occasionally met with who take their grip in almost 
the middle of the handle. Practically all of them, however, 
change their grip to meet varying conditions in the court. Cer- 
tain it is that the closer to the end you grasp the handle, the 
longer is the sweep of your arm and a consequent severity is 
given to your strokes. Hold the racquet firmly, but do not neces- 
sarily try to squeeze the handle into a shapeless mass of fiber. 
Vary the intensity of your grip as occasion permits. You will 
find that the relaxation is restful to the muscles of your hand 
and arm. Experts often hold the racquet somewhat loosely, but 
the tyro should grasp it firmly until he has made considerable 
progress, and has developed good form. An incorrect grip is 
shown in Fig. 6. The racquet handle should slant across the 
palm of the hand, and for ordinary purposes it is held too far 
from the end. 

POSITION AND STYLE. 
The cultivation of good form, accuracy, strong hitting and 
swiftness of movement is the principal duty of the racquet and 
squash-racquet player. The first rule to bear in mind is to face 
the side zvall in returning a hall, and not the front zcall. To 
the uninitiated this statement will probably sound peculiar, but 
before a person has taken part in a game for even a minute the 
force of this rule will appeal to him strikingly. The correct 
position of the player in returning a ball is very similar to that 
of a golfer in readiness for a stroke. By means of this position 



Spaldifii^'s Athletic Library. 37 

the player is enabled to execute the long, free sweep of the arm 
\\\ a line with that of the approaching spheroid, to meet it at 
the proper point, and to follow through (see Figs. 7 and 8) and 
upward into position for another stroke. You should always 
carry the head of the racquet up (see Fig. 9) so that you may 
better put the force of a swing into a stroke without delay. The 
golfer raises his stick preparatory to a downward sweep at the 
ball, and so should you, as the same principle applies to racquets. 
The racquet stroke is one continuous movement made up of dif- 
ferent parts, all of which merge into the one. Learn to com- 
bine them— the movements of the trunk, the shoulders, the arm 
and the wrist— so that the stroke is smoothly executed, disguising 
its component elements. The force you put into your strokes is 
also an ensemble of individual, contributory causes. It comes 
from the wrist, arm, shoulder and back. By combining the 
power of the muscles of each of these parts of the body and 
releasing it through the racquet in an effective manner, as it 
strikes the ball, you achieve the object of your instruction and 
practice. Only good form will enable you to execute a stroke 
properly, and therefore clearly determine that you will make 
your style as perfect as your time and opportunities will permit. 
Good style depends largely on the poise of the body and the 
position of the feet and arms during action. Your position 
in striking on the forehand side should be about as follows : 

Facing the right-hand side wall, with the feet pointing either 
straight or diagonally toward it according to the direction and 
speed of the ball as it rebounds from the front wall; the feet 
about fifteen or twenty inches apart; the knees straight or 
slightly bent, as you find best for your purpose ; body resting on 
the balls of the feet to make possible a quick range of base; 
the racquet upraised and the eyes directed toward the ball, should 
it have left your opponent's racquet. 

In striking in the backhand position, the forehand position 
should be reversed, with the left shoulder thrust back, away 
from the front wall, the right arm, holding the racquet slantwise, 
and up across the body. 

Leading up to the foregoing two poses is what is known as 




'No. 16-A ]1ALF V(.)LL1-;V-BACKHAND. 



Spaldinir' s Athletic Library. 39 

the waiting position (see Fig. 10). 'J'his attitude is held while 
your opponent is negotiating your stroke and you make use of 
it after you serve or return a rebound from the front wall. The 
waiting position should be such as to enable you to move quickly 
into either the forehand or backhand position, and in instant 
readiness to handle a return. 

For all ordinary purposes the waiting pose should be taken in 
about the middle of the court and not too close to the front 
wall. A study of your opponent's plan of attack should determine 
for 5'ou where best to stand. In waiting, face the front wall 
with the head of the racquet up and the feet 15 or 20 inches 
apart. Lean forward slightly, the toes turned outward, and 
rest on the balls of your feet. By careful and well-directed prac- 
tice you can readily decide for yourself the simplest modes of 
working from the waiting position into the playing positions. 
Should you be within a reasonable distance of the ball, as it 
strikes the floor on its rebound from the front wall, you can 
easily pivot about on either, as conditions render most ad- 
visable, and, shifting the non-pivotal one, get into position for 
either forehand or backhand strokes. An incorrect waiting pose 
is shown in Fig. 11. The racquet is not held with the head up. 

When the ball approaches from the front wall, say on the 
forehand side, locate as closely as possilile the spot where it 
will strike on its second rebound. Then quick as a tlash get 
into position to return it from that point. Do not return the 
ball from the spot where it strikes on its first bounce until 
you are further advanced in the game. This phase of play will 
be treated under the head of half volleying. One of the funda- 
mentals of rac{|uets is to return the ball on its downward course. 
It is rising just after it first bounces; is falling, of course, as 
it approaches its second bounce. Do not advance too close to 
the ball. Stand clear of it to such an extent that ycni will not 
be hindered from delivering a full clean-cut swing. You will 
cramp yourself seriously by drawing too close. 

It is a vital requirement for all players of racquets and squash- 
racquets to be able to assume the correct playing attitude in- 
stantly and at all times. There should be no hesitation, and its 




iMo io-Ox:.xNiui\G A BALL TO THE SIDE WALI^, 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 4t 

different features should be blended so expertly that their ex- 
istence is not apparent to the onlooker. After assiduous practice 
the different parts of the body concerned will take the correct 
pose without your cognizance. Be sure that you set yourself 
in the proper manner before you execute a stroke. Do not 
return a ball while on the run unless you find such action im 
possible to avoid. Do not handle a return while running back- 
ward or while pivoting into position. Learn to he in position 
and in the proper place at the proper time. This is essential 
to accuracy as well as to good form. 

SIDE RUNNING. 

A valuable aid to the development and maintenance of good 
form is to practice side running (see Fig. 12). You will find 
that side running will be one of the prominent features of most 
games. Many players have developed the art to a degree of 
perfection that is interesting to see. By this maneuver you will 
find yourself capable of advancing or retreating directly along 
the line of a ball or otherwise in such a manner that you can stop 
instantly and be in position for any kind of a stroke. In side 
running your shoulders are in a line with the direction you are 
traveling. Were you to run in the ordinary fashion with your 
breast to the front you would have to stop and turn yourself 
into position before making a stroke, thus losing time and greatly 
reducing your chances of returning the spheroid accurately and 
forcefully. 

It might be added that you should always place your racquet 
in front of your face (as in Fig. 13) when your opponent is in 
a position making likely his propulsion of the ball in your 
direction, especially when he is back of you and playing off 
the back wall. Interpose your racquet becween your face and the 
ball. Should it hit yoii in the face or eyes serious injury would 
probably result. There are instances on record where men have 
lost the use of an eye through carelessness. 

Throw most of your weight on the rear leg in play. Do not 
allow your joints to stiffen, particularly those of the striking 
arm. Your wrist, elbow and shoulder should be supple and at 



No. 17-A VOLLEYING POSITION (REAR VIEW), 



Spalding s Athletic Lihr'ary. 43 

the same time capable of being made, at a moment's notice, as 
rigid as an iron bar. It is in backhand maneuvers that the 
flexible arm is an absolute requirement for good work to re- 
sult. Do not jerk your hand or arm too sharply during strokes 
unless applying a cut, for in this way you will often "foozle" 
miserably a ball, the speed of which has proved deceptive. Do 
not devote your attention exclusively to watching the ball. Keep 
a close watch over your opponent, especially when he is making 
a stroke. Teach yourself to follow both the ball and your 
fellow player. Observe him carefully when you are serving in 
order to take advantage of any faults to his position: Pay 
your closest attention to the spheroid as it rebounds from the 
front wall and as it strikes the floor. You should endeavor to 
ferret out the particular weaknesses of your opponent and his 
style and do not fail to play to them whenever occasion offers. 
, Try to secure a lead as early in a game as possible ; for many 
men are poor uphill players. Always serve to your opponent in 
his weakest court at your very first opportunity. 





No. 18-IN POSITION TO CUT A HALF VOLLEY (BACKHAND). 



Spalding s Athletic Library 




THE FOREHAND STROKE. 
(See Figs, i, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17, 20, 22.) 
The strokes used in racquets and squash-racquets are practic- 
ally the same and are, the forehand, backhand, the volley, the half 
volley, boasted and drop strokes. Having already gone into de- 
tails concerning the first two named, a repetition is unnecessary, 
it may be well to say, however, that you must accustom yourself 
to playing a ball close to the floor. You will not be apt. under 
ordinary circumstances, to get many of the high tennis strokes. 
In regard to the technique of the forehand stroke it is not 
necessary to invariably follow through. When you have be- 
come expert enough you can develop the faculty of stopping the 
racquet just after it meets the ball and not allow it to continue 
the swing. However, this change in tactics need not interfere 
with your carrying the racquet into position— with the top up- 
for another stroke. 

The question as to what kind of steps you will use m play 
is one which every man must decide for himself. Some players 
move from place to place with long strides; others there are 
that use quick, short steps. Whichever mode seems to best per- 
mit you to get into position for your strokes is the one for you 
to adopt. ^^^ BACKHAND STROKE. 

(See Figs. 2, 4, 15, 18, 19. 21.) 
In the backhand stroke, as in the forehand, place the weight 
on your rear foot until you swing forward toward the front 
wall when the weight is transposed to the foot placed m front. 
In this stroke you thrust the right shoulder around toward the 
left so that both shoulders will be in a line parallel with the 



side wall, the right shoulder pointing toward the front wall 



The 



7^;;^— ^^-^^^i^at similarity between racket and squash strokes-they are 
pracSy the same-the illustrations referred to under the head of racquets 
serve to display the technique of squash as well. 




No. 19-READY TO CUT A VOLLEY (BACKHANDS 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 4/ 

left shoulder is thrust well back. The swing with the arm bent 
in the backhand style is somewhat more difficult to acquire than 
the forehand swing. It is not so easy at first to preserve your 
balance in the delivery of a strong stroke, but with practice the 
difficulty will be overcome. 

In both backhand and forehand strokes the extreme of speed 
and force is exerted at the moment just before the racquet hits 
the ball. 

THE HALF VOLLEY. 

The half volley consists in striking the ball just as it rises 
from the floor in the first bounce (see Figs, i and 15). Accuracy 
in returning in this manner is difficult. It is a pretty stroke 
from the gallery viewpoint, and often takes your opponent by 
surprise. You need not put your whole effort into the stroke. 
The ball is traveling very swiftly and the added speed gives 
it a rebound from the racquet that is full of vigor. Do not smash 
wildly in a half volley. You may strike the floor and demolish 

your racquet. 

THE VOLLEY. 

To volley the player returns the ball before it bounces (see 
Fig. 17). It comes off the front wall with telling velocity 
and as in the half volley need not be met with considerable force. 
You must be quick to gauge the direction of the ball and to 
ascertain its speed and elevation. Swing the racquet along the 
line of its course. Follow through if you so desire. There 
are times in volleying that you get a chance at strokes somew^hat 
higher than those ordinarily met with . 

BOASTED STROKES. 
A boasted stroke (Fig. 16) occurs when the ball goes to the side 
wall before it hits the front wall, thus altering its course, al- 
though at the same time robbing it of some of its speed. The 
boasted stroke is frequently used in cases of emergency, when 
you cannot well return the ball in any other way; when a 
player desires to draw his opponent into some particular spot, 
or away from some particular part of the court. It adds a 
variety to play and is deceptive. The boasted stroke presents 




No. 20-REAR VIEW OF FOREHAND SERVING POSITION. 



Spalding's A thief if Library. 49 

a need for the study of angles and caroms, which to the unin- 
itiated are puzzHng. 

The wall invariably imparts a spin to the ball that alters what 
would ordinarily be its true course, or natural angle, and some- 
times a cut is applied by your opponent which will make your 
calculations miscarry. Do not rely on boasted strokes. They 
are not overly pretty in most cases, and if unduly persisted in 
will ruin your style. The best strokes are those straight down 
to the front wall, and which cling closely to the side wall. Do 
not neglect these for the boasted brand. 

DROP STROKES. 

Drop strokes are those in which the ball is made to little more 
than reach the front wall. The spheroid consequently drops to 
the floor with almost no impetus left in it. Your aim is to dis- 
guise the drop stroke by putting into it less force than you 
seem to do. The art to make an apparently strong swing at 
the ball and yet hit it but gently is one that is cultivated only by 
practice. It is best learned by using the muscles of but one 
or two parts of the body that are used in striking. For in- 
stance, strike with a stiff arm in which the wrist imparts the 
force, or withdraw the power of the shoulder and of the swing 
of the body. 

RELATIVE TO CUTTING. 

Cuts may be the accompaniments of practically every stroke 
in the player's category, or they may be given enough individual- 
ity to rank as strokes in themselves (see Figs. 18, 19, 22). You 
can accelerate or retard the progress of a ball in its rebound 
from the front wall or side walls, or cause it to break sharply to 
either side of its point of impact. Also, the spin imparted to 
the spheroid renders difficult its accurate handling. In serving 
the cuts may be used to considerable advantage. In cutting 
you slant the face of the racquet as it strikes the ball, or give it 
a sudden twist or flick. The sharper and snappier the move- 
ment the more accentuated will be the cut. Oftentimes, the 
ball is hit by the wooden rim of the racquet, giving it a wicked 
twist on the rebound. 




No. 20A-FRONT VIEW OF FOREHAND SERVING POSITION. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 5! 



RACQUET RULES 



THE SINGLE GAME. 

1. The right to scrv^ ^rst shall be determined by the spin of 
a racquet or coin. Tne player who wins the spin has the right 
to serve first. 

2. The server, while serving, must stand with at least one foot 
within the service box while serving, and not touching any of 
the lines which bound it. 

3. The server may begin serving from the right or from the 
left service box, as he pleases ; but, after serving from the right, 
he must next serve from the left, or vice versa; and so on, 
alternately, as long as he remains hand-in, 

4. T]\e ball served must first strike the front wall, and must 
strike it above the cut-line, and must drop within the cross court 
line and the half court line which bound the court on the side 
opposite to the box from which the ball was served, and must 
not touch either of such lines. 

5. Hand-out may declare that he was not ready for the serv- 
ice ; and, if the marker decide in favor of his claim the service 
shall count for nothing, and the server shall serve again from 
the same box; but. if he decide otherwise, the server shall score 
an ace. H hand-out make any attempt to take the service, he 
cannot claim that he was not ready. 

6. Hand-out may take a fault ; but, if he does so, the rally must 
be played as if the service had been good. 

7. Aces are scored by hand-in only. 

8. Hand-In zvins the scores on ace. 

(a) \i hand-in fail to return the ball served or in play to 

the front wall, above the board, before the ball has 
touched the floor twice, except in case of a let (see 
Law 10) ; or 

(b) if hand-out return the ball served or in play so that it 

goes out of court ; or 



Mo. 21-BACKHAND SERVING POSITION 



Spalding's Athletic Library, 53 

(c) 'if the ball in play touch hand-out, or anything that he 
wears or carries, except his racquet in the act of 
striking. 
9. Hand-'Ji becomes hand-out, 

(a) if he serve the ball so that it touches him before drop- 

ping in the proper court, as provided in Law 4; or 

(b) if he serve the ball on the board or out (if court ; or 

(c) if the ball served touch any part of the court before 

striking the front v/all ; or 

(d) if he serve two consecutive faults ; or 

(e) if he fail to return the ball in play to the front wall, 

above the board, except in case of a let (f^ee Law 
10) ; or 

(f) if he return the ball in play so that it goes out of court; 

or 

(g) if the ball in play touch him, or anything that he wears 

or carries, except his racquet in the act of striking. 

Then, in any of these cases, hand-out becomes hand-in. and 
serves in his turn. 

10 It shall be a let, and the service or rally shall count for 
nothing, and the server shall serve again from the same box. 

(a) if the ball in play touch the striker's opponent on or 

above the knee, and if (in the marker's opinion) it 
be thereby prevented from reaching the front wall, 
above the board ; or 

(b) if cither player (in the marker's opinion) undesignedly 

prevent his opponent from returning the ball served 
or in play. 

11. The ball served or in play may be returned by the striker's 
opponent at the volley, or after it has touched the floor once, but 
not after it has touched the floor a second time. 

12. Each player must get out of his opponent's zvay as much as 
possible. If either player claim that his opponent prevented him 
from returning the ball served or in play, the marker shall 
decide whether it shall be a let or not (subject to provisions of 
Law 14). 




No. 22-READY FOR A CUT SERVE (FOREHAND). 
The racquet is slanted for cutting purposes. 



Spaldhig's Atfifetjc Ltbrary. 55 

13. The game is 15 up; that is, the player who first scores 15 
aces wins the game, provided that, 

(a) at the score of 13-all, hand-out may "set" the game to 

5, or to 3 ; and 

(b) at the score of 14-all, hand-out may "set" the game to 

3; that is, in the first case. 

(i) the player who first scores 5 (or 3) aces, accord- 
ing as the game was "set," wins the game ; and, 
in the second case, 
(2) the player who first scores 3 aces wins the game. 
'Note. — In either case, the claim to "set" the game must be 
made by hand-out before the next service shall have been de- 
Hvered. 

14. In all cases the marker's decision shall be tidal; but, if he 
doubt which way to decide, he shall direct that the ace be played 
over again. In matches, when there are umpires and a referee 
appointed, the marker's decision shall be final on all questions 
relating to the service; but (when in doubt) he shall refer all 
other questions to them from any decision of the marker, except 
as to any service; and they shall decide each case by a majority 
of votes. All appeals must be made before another service shall 
have been delivered. 



THE DOUBLE OR FOUR-HANDED GAME. 

1. The laws of the single game' apply to the double, or four- 
handed game, except as set forth in the following rules: 

2. Only one of the side which has won the spin shall serve at 
the first time of being hand-in, in any game ; at all subsequent 
times, the players on each side shall serve in the same order in 
which they began serving. 

3. One player on the hand-out side may stand where he pleases, 
to receive the service ; but his partner and the server's partner 
must stand behind the server until the service has been de- 
livered. 

4. If the ball served touch the server's partner before touch- 
ing the floor twice, whether it was, or would have been, a fault 




No. 2;3-P^RONT VIEW OF A BACKHAND CUT SERVE. 
The racquet's face is slanted for cutting purposes. 



Spaldiii^s;^' s Athletic Library. 57 

or not, the server shall lose his right of service, and the next 
hand-in shall serve. 

5. The players on the hand-out side may choose the order in 
v^hich they shall receive the service, and they shall adhere to that 
order, and shall only change it once in any game, or at the end 
of any game, of a rubher. 

6. If the ball in play touch the striker's partner, it shall count 
against them; that is, if the striker was hand-out, the other side 
shall score an ace ; if he was hand-in, his side shall lose one 
hand in : 

Except in case the ball touch the striker's partner after it 
has been hit at and missed by one of their opponents, when it 
shall count against such opponents ; that is, if :hey were hand-out, 
the other side shall score an ace; if they were hand-in, they shall 
lose one hand-in. 





A'o. L'l A J;;vi KllAX]) ci;-!' SERVE (REAR V1EW)„ 
The racquet's face is slanted for cutting purposes. 



Spalding s Athletic Library, 59 




Squash is a recent product of the fertile brains of Enghsh 
court game votaries, and while veteran racquet players consider it 
vastly inferior to racquets, the similarity of the two games is such 
that an accomplished player of squash can acquit himself fairly 
creditablv in racquets, and vice versa. Of course the implements 
used in 'these games show marked differences, and while the 
execution of practically all the strokes is largely the same, the 
variations in the racquets and balls and the smaller court used in 
squash, contribute to the chief points of divergence m the rival 
pastimes. As George Standing, the well-known professional, 
once remarked to the writer: "Racquets is much more severe a 
<rame than squash, and while both require staying power, squash 
will be found to place a player under less strain than will 
racquets."' And. aside from the points before noted, herein prob- 
ably lies the greatest difference in the sports. 

In squash the player observes the important racquet rule provid- 
ing that he must face the side wall and not the front wall while 
in play; also he must play the ball from a low degree of pitch. 
It is very necessary that the squash player develop correct forni. 
Form is of vital importance, just as in racquets, golf, etc.. and 
the man that is content to continue his progress m the game 
without trimming the rough edges will shortly find himself sink- 
ing into hopeless mediocrity. 

THE COURT. 
A squash court (see diagram No. 3) is 31 feet 6 inches long, 
when it conforms to regulations, but as in racquets, the courts are 
found to vary in size in different localities. The playing space is 
enclosed by four walls. The front wall should have a playing 
face 16 feet high. The service line, above which the ball must 
strike on the serve, is 6 feet from the floor, with the play Ime- 
or top of the telltale— rising 2 feet from the floor. After the 



6o 



Spa/diui^'s Athletic Library. 



FRONT 


WALL 


I 

bo 
.S 

s 




Cross Court Line, 21 feet. 


8 inches, from Front Wall 


BACK WALL-4 feet. 6 i 


nches high from the Floor 



DIAGRAM No. 3-FLOOR PLAN OF SQUASH COURT 



Spa/dhi^^ s Athletic Library. 6l 

serve the ball must strike above the telltale, which it of wood, 
and as most courts have a cement front wall the sound of the 
ball striking the telltale is plainly distinguishable. In some courts 
ventilators are placed between the play line, or top of the tell- 
tale, and the floor. In such cases the telltale has a facing of 
wire netting. The breadth of the court, the front and back 
walls, is i6 feet 3 inches. A cross court line is placed 21 feet 
8 inches from the front wall and the section between this line 
and the back wall is cut in half by a line midway between the 
two side walls. The side walls are 12 feet high. The back wall 
playing face should be 4^ feet high, with the gallery for officials 
and spectators above it. A netting protects the gallery. (For 
side, back and front walls see diagrams No. 4, 5 and 6). 



SIDE WINDOWS 



SIDE WALL-12 feet hiarh 



FLOOR LINE 



DIAGRAM No. 4-ONE OF THE SIDE WALLS OF A SQUASH COURT, 

The server projects the ball from either the right or left side 
of the court, as he chooses, and after hitting the front wall "up" 
or above the service line it must rebound into the rear court 
opposite that in which the server stood, the rule providing that 



62 Spaldine^'' s Athletic Library. 



NETTING 



GALLERY FOR SPECTATORS, ETC. 



BACK WALL-4 feet, 6 inches high 



FLOOR 

DIAGRAM No. 5-THE BACK WALL-16 feet, 3 inches, across 
16 feet, 3 inches, across 



FRONT WALL-16 feet high 



Service Line, 6 feet from Floor. 



Tell Tale or Play Line. 2 feet high 



VENTILATOR 



LHAGRAM No. 6-THE FRONT WALL 
SQUASH COURT WALI^ 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. ^t, 

the man patting the ball in phiy must stand with one foot in 
either of the two half courts back of the cross court line. After 
the initial serve, the server alternates from one court to the 
other. Should the ball strike either of the side walls, the floor 
or ceiling in its course to the front wall on the serve, the server 
or hand-in loses and becomes hand-out, his opponent then, of 
course, taking the serve. Only the hand-in scores. Several sets 
of rules have been framed for squash, and they vary in some 
details. Certain rules provide that a ball striking a side wall 
in serving counts merely as a fault, and allow two faults to the 
server before he forfeits the ball. Others permit a rally to con- 
tinue should the service return the first ball which the server 
sends out of bounds. 

A point or an rxe is scored by the hand-in when his opponent 
returns a ball to a point below the play line — thus striking the 
telltale; when his opponent intentionally interferes with the ball — 
in interference — the marker deciding whether or not a "let" should 
be allowed; when the server hits the ball on the secc»nd bounce; 
after the ball is sent out of court by the servee, or strikes the roof 
either before or after hitting" the front wall, or goes into the gallery; 
when the spheroid comes in contact with the servee below the knee. 

A game is ended at 15 up wdien one of the players has scored 
15 aces or points. The racquet custom of "setting" holds good in 
squash. When the game is at 13 all, the hand-out may set the ■ 
game to either 3 or 5. At 14 all, the out-player can set the game to 3. 

THE STROKES.* 

Regarding the technique of squash strokes and the most effec- 
tive mode of carrying one's self in contests, the beginner will find 
comprehensive instruction and hints in the preceding chapters 
dealing wath racc{uets. What is true of racquet strokes is equally 
applicable to squash. Therefore, if you desire to gather informa- 
tion concerning squash strokes you have at your immediate com- 
mand what the writer believes is ample information to serve to 
induct you or any person into the mysteries of the pastime. 

Squash presents to us the backhand and forehand maneuvers 
which we discussed under the head of racquets, the volleys, half 

* For detailed descriptions of the various strokes see pages 45, 47 and 49. 



Spalding-^s Athletic Library. 65 

volleys, boasted strokes and cuts. Experts consider squash a 
most valuable preparatory game for future devotees of racquets 
and court tennis, and surely it will give a man a quickness of 
perception, strength of wind and muscle, agility of body and a 
knowledge of racquet manipulating in general that will never 
cease to benefit him in his future participation in the more ad- 
vanced diversions. A hollow, india-rubber ball is used in squash, 
and like the average tennis ball, is also larger than that made 
use of in racquets. The squash racquet is very similar to that 
of the lawn tennis persuasion, while the racquet implement has 
a frame or hoop quite round and with a mesh of more closely 
woven gut. 

Eternal watchfulness is the price of success in squash. The 
court is not overly large, and resultantly a heavy hit ball will 
rebound with such energy that you must anticipate its direction 
to some extent and gauge its velocity. The beginner invariably 
makes the mistake of taking his position too close to the side 
walls or back wall, thus compelled to run out into the proper 
position for a stroke, at the last moment. Through this unpre- 
paredness due to ignorance of the game and inexperience, he 
loses the poise and finish which is essential to effective play and 
good form. 

Follow your strokes through, and swing your racquet along the 
line of the ball's progress for some little distance before you 
strike the spheroid, in addition to carrying the implement in the 
ball's wake in the follow through. Imitate the golfer as he 
drives off the tee, for instance. The golfer, however, has plenty 
of time for his stroke. He can light a cigar, exchange a few 
remarks about the weather, ascertain the time o' day, hand a 
few emphatic ejaculations to a dilatory caddie, say sweet things 
to the ladies and then begin to address the ball. After a dozen 
or so preliminary moves, during which he has probably dis- 
lodged the ball from the tee, he stops to see if the fingers of 
his right hand are overlapping the thumb of his left in the pre- 
scribed fashion. Making sure, he again threatens the ball with 
a few twitches of the club, raises it to his shoulder, and with 
possibly a momentary pause, swings downward through, and up, 
completing the stroke. The lesson for the squash player in the 




Is 



Spalding's ^Uhletic Library. 67 

golfer's stroke is not in its deliberation, but rather in the way 
the face of his club approaches, strikes, and leaves the ball. The 
driver's face swings down to the line of the ball, in its recum- 
bent position, a foot, say, before it comes in contact with it. 
The face strikes the ball squarely — in a well executed stroke — • 
and follows it through until the club can be swung off its line 
without altering the ball's course. You, who are playing squash 
must execute this maneuver in the twinkling of an eye must 
be able to do it without the slightest premeditation. Also, in- 
stead of swinging your racquet into the line of the ball's ap- 
proach when but a foot from the spheroid, come into it two or 
three feet before the impact. 

Cultivate variety in your style of play. You will thus keep 
your opponent in an uncertain frame of mind. Mix the strong 
and weak strokes, according to your adversary's position. Let 
side walls, and back wall do their share of the work, and at 
times you will find a well placed cut stroke, just the feature 
needed to win the rallv. Learn that "poetry of motion" may be 
expressed by the squash stroke. In other words, when cor- 
rectly performed, a stroke is graceful in the extreme. How dif- 
ferent parts of the body and their muscles work together in 
completing a stroke, was fully explained in the section of this 
book referring to racquets, and in squash, too, the wrist, forearm, 
upperarm, shoulder and trunk should contribute their energy in 
a pleasing, but none the less able, manner. 

In holding your racquet in squash use the racquet grip. Do not 
allow it to wabble in your hand when it is struck by a swift 
ball. Make your grip firm, secure, but do not pinch the handle 
so tightly as to cramp yourself. Too tight a grasp promotes 
clumsiness. Find the happy medium in grip as well as in the 
weight of the racquet. In serving observe the racquet directions. 
Develop the backhand serve, as well as the forehand. If you 
find yourself particularly strong in one don't neglect the other, 
but rather practice to improve your weak side. 

It is to be remembered in squash, as well as racquets, that the 
head of the racquet must be held up every moment possible. 
The waiting position is the same in both games, as also are the 
methods of changing from the waiting position into that of readi- 




A FAULTY SERVING POSE IN EITHER RACQUETS OR SQUASH. 
The racquet (or bat) is held too high, too close to bod^- -^nd too straight. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 6g 

uess for any of the various strokes. Keep your eye (Mi the ball 
during the execution of a stroke, and do not lose sight of your 
opponent at other times, remaining as far as possible on the balls 
of your feet. 

In speaking further of position, the writer suggests that while 
the player of squash should invariably seek to get into the proper 
attitude for handling a return, and close to the place where he 
judges the ball will come a volley, half volley, or bounce from 
the floor, there are times when he will be taken unawares, and be 
forced to make a return without wheeling into the correct pose — 
facing the sidewall, arm and racquet up, eyes on the ball, etc. He 
will have to take the ball while facing the front wall, and in 
a case of this sort the best thing to do is to quickly swing the 
liody toward the side on which the ball is approaching, and with 
a sudden twist of the arm or flick of the wrist, get it back to 
the wall as effectively as circumstances permit. 

. The squash costume may be identical with that described for 
recqueters, although naturally every player has his own ideas 
concerning his playing clothes. 

Outside the court you can do much toward developing your 
mind and the muscles constantly used in the game. Inside the 
court, practice of a nature that will perfect your style, increase 
accuracy, etc., is available. A squash player can obtain much 
more practice in a given time than can a racquet player and an- 
other advantage the former has is that he can play and practice 
by artificial light with good results, a privilege racquets denies 
to its followers. 

In competition you should always play your best game, whether 
your adversary be weak or strong. If he is weak, give him a 
handicap that will cause you to put forth your best efforts to 
win. When you play carelessly to favor a less experienced man, 
you deteriorate your own game and its efifect will be noticeable 
later. Do not become nervous, do not lose your temper, do not 
dispute the marker's decisions, during match play, or at any 
other time. Do not carry your left shoulder too far forward in 
backhand strokes, nor have it too far to the left in forehand 
strokes. Do not stand on your heels, and avoid cramping your 
arms in any stroke. 



70 Spaldifi,ii's Athletic Library. 

SQUASH DOUBLES. 
Squash doubles enable four men to play and afford much 
enjoyment. In play the hand-out, his partner, and server's part- 
ner must remain between the server and the back wall until tht 
ball is put into play. A player must not return a ball which has 
1)ecn served to his partner, as the serve and the returner of the 
serve, alternates. One of the requirements of play in doubles 
is that all four participants keep out of each other's way. With 
four men in the small space, it is difficult to avoid hindering your 
fellow players at times, when they speed after a ball. However, 
exercise every precaution. As was stated in referring to racquet 
doubles, give your partner a chance to keep his blood in circulation. 
Even if he is a poorer player than you are, do not endeavor to make 
all the returns yourself. Insist on this consideration for yourself 
when playing as the partner of a man of superior ability. Do not, 
however, make the mistake of claiming ecjual rights with him, but 
allow him, without interruption, to assume the most important role. 

THE FOREHAND SERVE. 

Tn learning to serve, the beginner should proceed diliberately 
and advisedly. Be content with slow advancement in this branch 
or racquets and squash-racquets. Also do not begin at first blush 
to learn the cut service. 

In serving, throw the ball well up and away, the while hold- 
ing the racquet with head up. (For serving position — forehand — 
see Figs. 20a and 20b). Follow through with the stroke in order to 
complete the swing. Should the ball fail to strike the front wall 
at the spot at which you aimed, alter the position of your feet 
as soon as circumstances require. It is very necessary for you 
to become accurate in serving. Incessant practice is the only 
means by which you can attain it. The ability to place the 
ball is of the utmost value to the server. Preserve your bal- 
ance, no matter how violent the stroke. Relative to the pitch of 
the ball, the weight of your original throw, the elevation of the 
racket and the point of altitude at which you strike the ball 
has almost entirely to do with it. Step back into position for 
a return after a curve and carry your racquet into the proper posi- 
tion, with head up. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. yi 

THE BACKHAND SERVE. 

The backhand serve (see Fig. 21) can be made deceptive, as 
your body may be placed between the ball and your opponent. 

The server can also vary the placing of the ball in a manner 
not plainly noticeable, by throwing the ball further toward either 
the right or the left than has been the case in previous serves. 
The backhand serve is easy for most players and great force 
can be put into it. The serve also makes possible a heavy cut. 
However, as was stated concerning the forehand serve, do not 
pay too much attention to cuts, until you have developed power- 
ful serve, also accuracy and variety. 

THE CUT SERVICE. 
The cut service (see Fig. 22) in racquets may be compared to 
the twist service in lawn tennis, developed by Ward and Davis. 
A cut of course alters the direction a ball takes, after it strikes 
the front wall, and practice is the only means of gauging accu- 
rately the effect of the twist you give the spheroid. (For addi- 
tional illustrations of cut serves, etc., see Figs. 23-24). 

PLAYING OFF THE BACK WALL. 

Back wall play frequently gives opportunities for highly inter- 
esting maneuvers. The drop stroke is often in evidence in this 
phase of play, and you must be constantly on the alert for the 
balls that fall from the back wall almost lifeless. 

On a severe service by your opponent, when you do not choose, 
or find yourself able, to handle the ball on the volley, you can 
let it continue its course to the back wall and pick it up off the 
wall, sending it directly to the front wall, or first causing it to 
hit one of the side walls. 

First and always remember to gauge as accurately as possible 
the spot where the ball will strike on its second bounce. Face 
the back wall while waiting and get into position as quickly as 
possible when the ball approaches. 

In returning a ball from the backwall, send it as close to either 
side wall as possible. You must practice swinging your racquet 
along the side wall and very near to it, almost touching. 



72 Sp(i/(////,i:\s' AUilctic f.ibrary^ 



THE RULES OF SQUASH 



I. riic i;aiiu' to !)(.' 15 up. Al i,^ all, the i)layor may sot it to 
.^ *n" 5 ami at 14 all. Id ,>, 

Tlic i^oiiii; ill lirst, wIk'IIum" tuUls ho given nr not, to he 
tk'cidod hy spin, i)nl cuic liaiul only is then to he taken. 

.^ The hall to he ser\eil alternately ri.ulit ami left. het;inning 
whiehever siile the ser\ er pleases. 

4. In sei\ ins;-, the server must ha\e one ioo\ in the sikicc 
marked olT for thai pnrp<ise. The out pla\er to whmn lie serves 
may staiul where he [)leases, hiil his partner in donhles ami the 
serxer's [lartner imist hotli stand hehind the server niitil the hall is 
^er\ ed. 

5. The hall must he served ahove. and not tonel'.iii!.' the serv- 
iee line imi the front wall, and i: must strike the lloor hefore it 
hounds, within and not touehiii!.; the lines enelosini; the eourl on 
the side opposite to thai in wliieh the server stamls. 

6. A ball serxed helow the line or to the wriMig side is a iaull, 
Inil it ni.iy he taken, ami then the ace must he played out and 
counts. 

7. In serving, if the hall strike anywhere heftu'e it reaehes the 
front w.ill; or if it toueli the roof or the gallery, it is a hand-out. 

S. In serxing. if a hall toneh the server ov his partner hefore it 
has hounded twiee it is a haml-ont, whether it was properly served 
c>r not. 
I). Two eonseentixe faults put a hand-t>ut. 
10. It is a fault- • 

(a) If the server is luU in his proper plaeo. 
(h) If the hall is not served over the serviee hue. 
(e) If it iloes not fall in the proper eonrt. 
The .nit id.iyer may take a fault if he pleases, hut if he fails in 
putting the hall up. it eouni^ against liiin. 

II. In donhles, an out player m.iy not take a hall serxed to his 
partner. 



Sip aiding' s Athletic Library. 7^ 

12. The oui i)Iay(.'rs in;iy cliangv llicir courts once; only in each 
game. 

13. If a player designedly stops a ball l)efore the second bound, 
il counts against him. 

14. If a ball hit the striker's adversary above or on the knee, it 
is a let ; if below the knee, or if it hits the striker's partner in 
doubles, or himself, it counts against the striker. 

15. Till a ball has been touched, or has bounded twice, the 
player or his partner may strike at it as often as they please. 

16. Every player should get out of the way as much as pos- 
sible. If he cannot, the marker is to decide if it is a let or not. 

17. After the service, a ball going out of the court, or hitting 
the roof or the gallery, in returning from the front wall, or if it 
hit the roof lieforc reaching the front wall, counts against the 
striker. 

18. The marker's decision is final; but if he has any doubts he 
should ask advice, and if he cannot decide positively, the ace is to 
be played over again. 



74 Sf>aldf7io's Athletic Library 



SQUASH RULES OF E. H. MILES 



NoTK. — Different styles of play and players can be suited by 
some one of the varieties of the game described in the following 
rules of the game of squash. They have been abbreviated from 
the laws given in Mr. Eustace H. Miles' *'The Game of Squash," 
published by IMessrs. Appleton & Co., New York. 

RULES FOR THE SINGLE GAME OF SQUASH IN 
A FOUR-WALLED OR THREE-WALLED COURT. 
There are several sets of rules of squash. The following rules 

are common to all the sets: 

1. The game is played with a ball, usually of india-rubber, and 
a racquet, usually strung with gut. lland-tives may be played 
with a hand-ball, and the naked or gloved hands. 

2. The spin of the racquet, or of a coin, gives the winner the 
choice of serving or not serving. 

3. The serving player (A) must hit the ball direct onto the 
front wall, above the service line. If he fails to do so, /. c, if he 
hits the ball onto the side wall first, or below the service line, one 
fault is scored. Two faults in succession count as if A had 
lost the rally. 

N. B. — (i) Some rules count one single fault in this way. (ii) 
Some rules allow B to return the first serve if he takes. If he 
tries to do so, then no fault is scored. 

4. The second player (B) must return the ball onto the front 
wall, above the tell-tale, before the ball has bounced twice. 

5. The players then continue to return the ball alternately. 
Whichever player first fails to hit the ball above the tell-tale be- 
fore the ball has bounced twice, or whichever player hits the ball 
onto himself before it has bounced twice, loses the rally. 

6. A rally shall also be lost by the player who hits the ball out 
of court, /. c, above the upper bounxlary line of the front wall 
or of either side wall or of the back wall. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 75 

B._(a) If there is a low back wall, a ball that hits above it 
after bouncing once is scored as a "let" (see below), according to 
some rules. If there is no back wall, then a ball which goes be- 
yond the back line is "out of court," as in lawn tennis. 

(b) A ball hit onto a line counts as "not up," or as "out," i. c, 
it counts against the striker. 



LETS. 

7. If one player (A or B) hits onto the other player (B or A) 
a ball which would otherwise have gone "up," /. c, above the 
tell-tale and not out of court, then the rally shall be played over 
again. 

8. If one player (say A) obstructs the other player, then this 
other player (B) may claim a "let," i. e., may claim to play the 
rally over again, provided that he (B) has not tried to take the 
ball'. If he has tried it, then, except in very extreme cases, B 
may not claim a "let." 

N. B.— Much is left to the honor of the players ; they are not 
expected to obstruct on purpose, or to claim "lets" too freely. 

We now come to the variations in the rules. They depend 
partly on the serving and partly on the way of counting the win- 
ning of a rally. 

I. FIRST OR RACQUETS SCORING. 

The game is won by whoever first scores 15 aces. 

Setting.— At 13-all, the loser of the previous point may choose 
whether he will play the game straight on {c. g., 14-13), or 
whether he will "set 3" or "set 5-" The two latter mean that a 
new little game will be started to decide the large game, the 
new little game being for 3 aces or for 5 aces. 

After fourteen-all, the loser of the previous point may choose 
whether he will play the game straight on, or whether he will 
"set 3." He is not allowed to "set 5." 

The match is generally for the best 3 out of 5 games, unless 
arranged otherwise. 



76 Spafdivo' s Athletic Library. 

Ilaiidicnps usually coiisisl of aces, given to the weaker player, 
who has a start, c. g., oi 7 aces, beginning the game at "7-0," or 
"7-love," instead of "0-0," or "love-all." 

Service — A begins serving from whichever side of the court 
he prefers. Each player may choose his side for his first service. 

A must have at least one foot behind the cross-court line; the 
other foot may be on the line or behind the line. 

A serves direct onto the front wall and above the service line, 
and hence into the opposite side of the court {0 or c). His next 
service, if he serves again before he is "put out," will be from a c 
into h or d. 

(i) In racquets the service must pitch (first bounce) into c or d, 
the back sections. 

(ii) Tn squash the service may often pitch (first bounce) into 
a or b, the front sections. 

Players must arrange beforehand as to which method they will 
adopt, as the difference between (i) and (ii) is considerable. 

After A has scored, B tries to return the ball, before it has 
bounced twice, above the tell-tale, but not onto or above the 
boundary-lines; then A tries to return it and so on, till either A 
or B loses the rally (see above). 

If A, the server, wins the rally, then he scores one ace ("i-o," 
or "i-love"). If B, the non-server, wins the rally, then he goes 
in to serve; and if B, the server, wins the next rally, then he 
scores one ace; and so on, till one player reaches 15 aces. 



TT. SECOND SCORING, OR RACQUETS' SCORING 
REVERSED. 
The rules here are exactly the same, up to where A has served, 
and the first rally is won and lost. 

If A wins it, then A, tJic scrrcr, docs not score an ace — a server 
can never score an ace — 1)ut B now serves. 

If A wins again, then A scores an ace ("i-o," or "i-love"). B 
goes on serving until he wins a rally; when A serves, and B has 
a chance of scoring an ace. 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 77 

III. THIRD SCORING, OR THE EQUAL SERVICES 
GAME. 

This scoring was invented by Mr. Eustace H. Miles. 

In this way of scoring, every rally which is won counts as an 
ace to the winner. 

A serves two services, one from each side of the court, accord- 
ing to either set of rules (see I [il or [ii]). 

Then B serves two services, similarly ; and so on, the players 
serving alternately until one of them has scored 15 aces. 

N. B. — The first server, if Rule I (i) is chosen, /. c, if the serv- 
ice is to pitch (first bounce) into one of the back sections of the 
court, should only be allowed one service. 

IV. FOURTH OR LAWN TENNIS SCORING. 

A serves for one game, scoring as in lawn tennis, except that it 
is better to have "vantage-all" and then a single point to decide 
the game, than to have "deuce," "vantage," "deuce," "vantage," 
indefinitely. 

B serves for the next game ; and so on, until either A or B 
has scored the set of 6 games. 

If "5 games all" is reached, it may be better to play "deuce 
and vantage games, but to have "vantage-all" if the players 
score 6 games all, and then to let a single game decide the set. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 79 



HINTS ON BUILDING RACQUET AND 
SQUASH COURTS 



American courts, as a rule, are less expensive than those in 
England. The squash court, l)y reason of its smaller size, is the 
less costly. A court tennis court is the most expensive of all. 
The best courts are made of stone slabs closely joined, or 
concrete. The latter are very serviceable and are most numerous. 
Wood has been used in some instances and found satisfactory 
where a slow court \\\\\ meet the demands of the players and its 
cost is much less than that of a cement or stone court. Courts 
should be built willi i)Iain walls, and should have a surface 
that is neither fx. .^mooth or too rough. On the roughness or 
smoothness of the v.alls di-pcnds the degree of break that a ball 
will have when a cut is applied. It is preferable to put a roof 
over the court as the weather will deteriorate the material. How- 
ever, a movable roof might l)e constructed, if thought desirable. 
Particular care should be taken in the laying of the foundations. 
The floor should be uniformly level and cracks in walls and floor 
should be carefully filled. The diagrams of both racquet and 
squash courts elsewhere in this book give the proper dimen- 
sions for the courts, and from these, any contractor can give 
estimates when the specifications are given him. Of course space 
should be allowed for baths, dressing rooms and galleries. To 
those desiring to erect a court at a reasonable cost, it might l)e 
well to suggest that they build one with sidewalls and floor of 
wood and the front and back walls of cement. Such a court 
would fill several requirements. The concrete court, however, is 
the most practicable for ordinary purposes, and its cost will not 
be found to be prohibitive. Wood is better adapted to squash 
than to racquet courts. As the racquet ball is harder than that 
used in squash, the surface it strikes should be more compact 
than in the latter game. 1'he more pronounced severity of rac- 
quets also calls for the hardest walls obtainable. 

A g(jod squash court could be built for little more than $2,000. 
A racquet court would cost not less than $3,000. 



So 



Spaldini^'s .Ithletic Library. 
BACK WALT. AND NICK 



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a (CiriUe). b tWinninK Gallery), and c (Detlans) are the Winning Openings. 

DIAGRAM N0.7-TENNIS COURT. SHOWING GALLERIES. CHASES, ETC 



Spahfini^'s Athletic Liln-ary. 



COURT TENNIS 



After a man has solved the interesting mysteries of S(juash 
and racquets, he is then qualified to take up the study of the 
greatest of all indoor court games — court tennis. In the opening 
chapter of this book the ancient origin and royal sway of court 
tennis was described, and therefore what remains to be said in 
connection with the game, has to do with the manner in which 
it is played, the terms peculiar to it, the mode of scoring, rules, 
implements, etc. 

In its infancy as an outdoor game, court tennis gradually be- 
came an indoor recreation, and as such has gradually attained 
its highest development. Its intricacies and technicalities are 
such that explanations of all its details cannot be given in the 
limited space in this book, so the writer confines himself to mak- 
ing the game's features as clear as possible in comparatively 
few words. The court is enclosed by four walls. Midway be- 
tween the two end walls a net is stretched across, each end of the 
net being raised higher than the middle. The section on one 
side of the net is termed the service side, the other the hazard 
side. The ball is always served from the service side. The writer 
will now assume that the reader is a spectator at a game of 
court tennis, and give further explanations accordingly. Specta- 
tors have places reserved at their disposal, from which an un- 
broken view of most of the play may be had. One of these is 
the dedans, pronounced "deadon" — a French word meaning "with- 
in," The dedans is an opening in the wall at the service end, 
covered with netting. Glancing into the court you will see on 
your right, the main wall. The main wall is a plain surface with 
the exception of a buttress, projecting from the hazard side — 
the side of the net furthest from you — while the remaining three 
walls are broken by what are known as penthouses, and from 
the roofs of which the ball rebounds at varying angles during 
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Spalding's Athletic Library. 83 

about midway between the floor and the top of the walls. The 
buttress on the main wall is known as the tambour. Beyond the 
tambour, in the end wall of the hazard court, under the pent- 
house roof, is a little screen-covered cupboard called the grille. 
Along the left-hand side wall, below the penthouse roof, is a rov\ 
of small openings termed galleries. The one at the end furthest 
from you is what is known as the winning gallery, or frequently 
called the last gallery. The last gallery, the grille, and the dedans, 
are m tennis phraseology, the "winning openings," for when the 
ball IS sent into either of them, the strike is counted as won 
by the Striker. 

THE COURT. 

Down the middle of the court's floor, from end to end, is a line, 
known as the half court line, and the spectator will notice many 
other markings on the floor and walls, all of which have their 
practical uses, perplexing though they may be. to the novice. I'lie 
section enclosed by the main wall, the half court line, the net 
the end wall of the service side, is called the forehand court ; the 
remaining half on this side is named the backhand court. The 
box where the marker is stationed— he is the judge of play— is 
on the left-hand side of the court at the point where the net inter- 
sects the side wall penthouse. (For details of a court-tennis 
court, etc., see diagram No. 7. 

The racquets used in court tennis are heavy and strong, with 
long handles, large face, and a bulging side. The balls have in- 
sides of cloth, and are heavier than those used in lawn tennis, 
although of about the same size and color. 

After the server has been determined by the spin of a racquet 
or coin, he has the privilege of serving the ball from any point 
within the service court. The ball, to be fairly served, must go 
directly onto the roof of the left penthouse or to the wall above 
It (certain authorities there are who claim that it must strike the 
penthouse roof so as to rise in the air), and the ball must then 
rebound into the hazard side of the court in the court bounded 
by the pass line (see diagram), and the winning gallery line (see 
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Spaldi7i<;'s ^{{hlciic Library. 85 

a service goes to the grille side of the pass line, it is called a 
"pass." A service may be volleyed by the striker-out (the serv- 
er's opponent) unless a "pass" has occurred; unless the ball has 
touched the penthouse on the grille side of the pass line, or unless 
there is a rislv of harming the server. A foul occurs when the 
service does not hit the penthouse roof on the hazard side, and 
when the ball does not strike the floor within the prescribed 
limits. By a careful study of the "Rules of Court Tennis," which 
follow this chapter, the reader will obtain as accurate an idea 
of these features of the game as is obtainable without actual 
playing. However, to facilitate in the understanding of certain 
expressions used in the regulations, the writer will explain chases, 
l)isques and nicks, terms which have not yet had mention. 

CHASES. 
Chases are a source of never-ceasing terror to the beginner. 
Under certain conditions a ball in court tennis may be allowed 
to bound twice, and yet not lose the stroke for the defender of 
the court in which the spheroid bounced. When a chase takes 
place, the players change courts, the striker-out becoming the 
server and the winner of this next point receives the credit for it 
just as though the chase had not occurred. The lines along the 
penthouse side of the court have an important part in chases. 
When a chase is resorted to by a player, the point where the 
ball struck on its second bounce is carefully observed by the 
marker. When the players change sides the player claiming the 
chase must make a stroke better than the one on which he ob- 
tained the chase. In other words, he must strike the ball in 
play so that on its second bounce it strikes closer to the back 
wall than it did on the original stroke. The lines on the floor 
give name to the chase. If the ball strikes two yards from the 
back wall, the marker announces, "Chase two." If it strikes half 
a yard from the wall, he cries, "Chase half a yard," etc., etc. 
When the play is "Chase two," for instance, the player taking 
advantage of the chase, must send the l)all less than two yards 
from the back end of the wall on its second bounce in order to 
win. Should he fail to do this, he loses the point. Should he 



Spalding' s Athletic Library. 87 

strike the line determining the letigth of .the ehase, tlie point is 
void, and the marker eaUs, "Chase off." 'i'he chases give the 
players a momentary rest and breathing spell, and frequently 
enable you to gain a point, that you originally would have been 
unable to win. 

A bisque is a term used in handicaps and means that when a 
player receives a bisque he has the privilege of claiming a point 
at any time in any game of a set. Handicapping in court tennis 
is a science in itself. 

Nicks are strokes that hit the end wall and the floor simul- 
taneously, causing the ball to rebound in a very disconcerting 
manner. 

SCORING. 
The means by which points are scored are made clear in the 
rules. The score is counted as in lawn tennis. Six games make 
up a set, and the loser of a love set pays the marker a shilling 
(twenty-five cents). However, in the scoring it should be noted 
that the marker in announcing the score always places first the 
score of the winner of the last stroke, "15-40" meaning that the 
player credited with 15 has just won his stroke, after his op- 
ponent has scored 40, differing from lawn tennis scoring, in 
which the score of the server is placed first. 

POSITION, GRIP, AND THE EXECUTION OE STROKES. 
During court tennis contests the player should copy closely the 
general style of the racquet player before, during and after strokes. 
The waiting position is practically the same as has been described 
and also in the pose during forehand and backhand strokes. The 
player should point his feet toward the w-all as far as possible, 
should learn to run sideways and get quickly into position for 
a stroke at the point where he intends to make a return. The 
tennis player's racquet is not held so high, possibly, as in lawn 
tennis. Before and after play the head of the tennis racquet 
is held, say, about the level of the hips, at any rate above the 
knees. To make a forehand stroke, the racquet arm and shoulder 
are brought up, and a powerful swing is given to the imple- 



Spalding^'s ^Ithlctic Library. 89 

niciit as it goes to meet tlic ball. jM)llo\ving through is optional. 
Try the "arrested" stroke, if yon choose, stopping the racket 
with a snap after it hits the ball. Preserve your balance. Do 
not hold your feet too close together. 

The grip of the racquet is much like that used in racquets and 
squash-racquets, and some players carry into tennis the practice 
of extending the thumb along the back of the handle during 
backhand play. For other purposes the average player uses 
the grip in which the fingers extend naturally around the handle, 
somewhat separated from each other, the thumb nearly meeting 
the tip of the forefinger' around it. Choose for yourself the 
part of the handle you will grasp. 

Some players hold it close to the end, slipping the hand toward 
the gut ("clubbing" the racquet) during volleys, and sometimes 
in service. Others, having weak wrists, find "clubbing" a help 
at all times. Do not fail to grasp the racquet firmly, more so than 
in racquets. Learn to instinctively tighten the grasp as you hit 
the ball. 

In addition to the forehand and backhand strokes there are 
volleys, half volleys, cuts, lobs, drop strokes, and boasted vol- 
leys, boasted strokes, and force strokes. Lobs are often found 
useful in sending the ball into the dedans. Force strokes are 
invariably hard drives, cut or uncut, and are aimed at the win- 
ning openings, particularly the dedans, and from which fact we 
get the expression, "Force for the dedans." The force may be 
a volley, or a boasted volley. A boasted volley — sometimes 
termed a boasted force — is a volley sent to the side wall. 

SERVING IN COURT TENNIS. 

Court tennis service is subject to a large number of variations. 
Its nature depends principally on where you stand, the position 
of the body, and the direction and velocity of the ball. A good 
server has a distinct advantage over a man lacking in this 
particular ability. Therefore drill yourself exhaustively in the 
art of putting the ball effectively into play. Develop accuracy 
and forcefulness, two qualities indispensable to the tennis votary. 

Leading players have developed serves of their own which 



90 Spaldinic's Athletic Library. 

have been widely copied by the rank and file, and conseqi'ently 
some of the most effective deliveries bear the names of these 
players. For instance, we have the Latham side wall service, 
named after the famous championship winner. Peter Latham; 
the Sounders and iviirs service; the overhead railroad service; 
underhand railroad service (sometimes called the Pettitt service, 
after Tom Pettitt. the noted English professional) ; the giraffe 
service, the Jim Harradine service, the slow good length service, 
the drop service, and others. A w-hole chapter could be spent 
in describing each one of these services, and they are best learned 
from a professional's instruction, observation and actual practice. 
It is well to remember that each player should adapt his service 
to his own personal characteristics and endeavor to excel in 
some one or two forms of attack. Learn when each particular 
serve may be used to best advantage, for instance, a drop serv- 
ice will be the most effective maneuver to be resorted to during 
a short chase. 

COURT DIMENSIONS. 

Relative to the dimensions, etc.. of a tennis court. Mr. Julian 
Marshall, the eminent English authority, writes as follows in the 
''Annals of Tennis" : 

"Our (the English) tennis court is enclosed by four walls, 30 
feet in height, within which, again, are built three lower walls, 
one on one side of the court, and one at each end. The space 
between these outer and inner walls, 7 feet in width (including 
the thickness of the latter), is covered with a sloping wooden 
roof, called the penthouse. The extreme length of the court, 
fnmi one outer wall to the other, is 108 feet 6 inches ; the length, 
therefore, from the inner wall at one end to that at the other 
is 94 feet 6 inches. The width between the two side walls is 38 
feet 6 inches; and the width, therefore, from the inner to the 
opposite side wall is 31 feet 6 inches. The latter is called the 
main wall ; its face projects into the court at the point E at an 
angle of about 38 degrees. 

''Enclosed, therefore, by this main wall and the three lower 
walls, there is an area, the floor of the court, which is narrower 



Spalding's .Uhletic Library, 91 

at one end than at the other, on account of the thickening of 
the main wall between the tambour and the end wall, where the 
floor is only 30 feet in width. Parts of the inner walls are 7 
feet in height; in the rest of their extent they are only 3 feet 

8 inches high, and these are called the batteries. The walls are 
each 15 feet 9 inches in length. Resting on the tops of the walls 
is the plate which bears the penthouse, supported also by the 
posts, fixed in the batteries. From the height of 7 feet 2 inches 
the penthouse slopes up to the outer walls, which it meets at the 
height of 10 feet 7 inches from the floor. Each last gallery is 

9 feet 6 inches in length; each second gallery, 9 feet 6 inches; 
each door, 3 feet 3 inches ; each first gallery, 5 feet 6 inches ; 
and the central opening between the line posts, called the line- 
opening, is 7 feet 6 inches in width. 

"There is a longer opening than any of these, called the dedans. 
The low wall, or dedans battery, below this opening, is the same 
height as the other batteries; the height of the opening is the 
sam.e as that of the galleries; and its length is 21 feet 6 inches. 
One wall is 5 feet 6 inches in length, and the other wall, 4 feet 
6 inches. At the other end of the court, in the wall, there is a 
square opening called the grille, and measuring 3 feet 2 inches 
each way." 



02 SpaldifiQ* s .if/ilcfii- library. 




1. I>;ills and Racquets. — The balls iiiiist not be less than 2^4 
inches and not more than 2-)^ inches, in diameter ; shall not be 
less than 2Y2. oz., and not more than 2)4 oz.. in weight. 

2. Selecting Sides. — (a) The choice of sides at the beginning 
oi the first set is determined by spin of a racket or a coin. 

(b) In subsequent sets of a series, the players begin each set 
on the sides on which they finished the set. 

3. Delivery. — The ball served must be struck with the racquet, 
and may be delivered from any part of the service-side. 

4. Service. — The ball served must touch the service penthouse 
before touching any other part of the court except the rest of 
the side penthouse and the service wall; and it must drop in the 
service court, or on one of the lines which bound it. 

5. Service. When Good. — The service is good, 

(a) if the ball served touch (in its descent) any part of the 
service penthouse, so as to rise again from it ; or 

(b) if the ball served strike the service wall, and afterward 
touch (in its descent) any part of the serivice penthouse, 
even though it do not rise again from it ; or 

(c) if the ball served drop in the winning gallery. 

6. Faults Not Returnable. — 9 fault may not be returned. 

7. Passes Not Returnable. — A pass may not be returned ; but 
a ball served, which has not gone across the pass line on the 
penthouse, may be volleyed, although, if untouched, it might have 
dropped in the pass court. If a pass tmich the striker-out. or if a 
service (before it has dropped) touch him, when stantling with 
both feet in the pass court and \\(A having attempted to strike 
the ball, it is still counted as a pass. 

8. Faults Annulled. — .\ pass amuds a previous fault. 

g. Servic«i and Faults Amudled. — If the striker-out declare 
Inmself not ready for a service, and have made no attempt to 
return it, tnat .service is counted for notln'ng, though it be a fault. 



Spaldinj^" s Athletic Library. 93 

II annuls a previous fault. JIic slrikcr-dut. having been asked if 
he be ready, and having declared himself ready, may not refuse 
a second service. 

10. Continuation of Service. — The server continues to serve 
until two chases be made, or one chase when the score of either 
player is at forty or advantage (see Law 25) ; the players then 
change sides, the server becomes striker out, and the striker-out 
becomes server. 



RETURN. 

11. Return, When Good. — The return is good if the ball in play 
be struck with the racquet so tliat it pass the net without touch- 
ing a gallery post or anything affixed or lying in an opening on 
the side from which it is. struck, and without going out of court. 

12. Return, When Not Good. — The return is not good, 

(a) if not in accordance with the terms of law 11 ; or 

(b) if the ball be struck more than once, or be not definitely 
.struck; or 

(c) if the ball in play, having passed the net, come back and 
drop on the side from which it was struck, unless it should 
have touched a gallery post or anything affixed or lying in 
an opening on that side of the court which is opposed to 
the striker. 

13. Ball, When Not Returnable. — A ])all which is no longer in 
play may not be returned. 

SCORING. 

14. The Server, When He Wins a Stroke. — The server wins 
a stroke (except as provided by law 9), 

(a) if a good service enter the winning gallery or the grille; 
or 

(b) if the striker-out fail to return a good service (except 
when it makes a chase; see laws 7-19) ; or 

(c) if the striker out fail to return the ball in play (except 
when it makes a chase; see laws 17-19) ; or 



94 Spaldifti^' s Athletic Library. 

((I) if he liiinself return the hall in play so that it enter the 
winning gallery or grille, or fall on or beyond the service 
line; or 

(e) if he serve or return the ball in play so that it drop or 
fall upon a ball, or other object, which is on or beyond the 
service line ; or 

(f) if he win a chase (see law 20) ; or 

(g) if the striker-out lost a stroke (see law 16). 

15. The Striker-out, When He Wins a Stroke.— The striker- 
out wins a stroke (except as provided by law 9) 

(a) if the server serve two consecutive faults (except as 
provided in law 31 (b) ; or 

(b) if the server fail to return the ball in play (except when 
it makes a chase (see laws 17-19) or 

(c) if he himself return the ball in play so that it enter the 
dedans ; or 

(d) if he win a chase; or 

(c) if the server lost a stroke (see law 16). 

16. Either Player, When He Loses a Stroke. — Either player 
loses a stroke, 

(a) if he lost a chase (see law 21) ; or 

(1)) if the ball in play (except as provided in law 7) touch 
him or anything which he wears or carries (except his 
racquet in the act of returning the ball) ; or 

(c) if he touch or strike the ball in play with his racquet 
more than once, or do not definitely strike it. 

17. Chases, How Marked. — When a ball in play (on either 
side of the net, not being that on which the striker is standing) 

(a) falls on any part of the floor, except on or beyond the 
service line ; or 

(b) enters any gallery except the winning gallery; or 

(c) touches a gallery post ; 
it is marked as a chase, 

(a) at that line on the floor on which it fell ; or 

(b) better or worse than that line on the floor which is 
nearest the point at which it fell ; or 



Spalding's Athletic Library. 95 

(c) at that gallery the post of which It touched ; 
except as provided in laws 18 and 19. 

Note (a). — A ball in play which touches the net post and drops 
on the side opposed to the striker is marked a chase at the line 
on the side on which it drops. 

Note (b). — A ball in play which enters a gallery is marked a 
chase at that gallery which it enters, notwithstanding that it 
may have touched an adjacent gallery post without touching the 
floor of the interim. 

Note (c). — The gallery lines on the floor correspond and are 
equivalent to the galleries of which they bear the names. 

18. A Ball Dropping or Falling in Net, or Bounding Over Net 
After Dropping, How Marked. — When a ball in play 

(a) drops or falls in the net on the side opposed to the 
striker ; or 

(b) drops on the floor on the side opposed to the striker, and, 
bounding over the net, falls on that side of it from which 
it was struck, whether it touch the net In its bounds or 
not, it is marked a chase at the line on the side opposed to 
the striker. 

19. A Ball Dropping or Falling Upon Another Ball, How 
Marked. — When a ball in play drops or falls upon a ball, or other 
object, which is on the floor (except when It is on or beyond the 
service line; see law 14 (e), it Is marked a chase at the point at 
which that ball, or other object, was when the ball in play 
dropped or fell upon it. 

20. Chases, How Won. — Either player wins a chase 

(a) if he serve or return the ball so that It enter a winning 
opening ; or 

(b) if he serve or return the ball so that It fall better than 
the chase for which he played, or enter a gallery, or touch 
a gallery-post, better than the gallery or the gallery-line, at 
which the chase was for which he played ; or 

(c) if he serve or return the ball so that it drop or fall upon 
a ball, or other object, which Is at a point on the floor 
better than that at which, or at the gallery corresponding 
to which, the chase was for which he played ; or 



96 Spa/d/j.'o's Athletic Literary. 

(d) if liis antagonist fail to return the ball in play, except 
when it falls worse than the chase in question. 
2T. Chases, llow Lost. — Either player loses a chase 

(a) if he fail to return the hall in play, except when it falls 
worse than the chase in question ; or 

(b) if he return the hall in play so that it fall worse than the 
chase, or enter a gallery, or touch a gallery-post worse than 
the gallery, or the gallery-line, at which the chase was for 
w^liich he played ; or 

(c) if he return the ball in play so that it drop or fall upon a 
ball, or other object, which is at a point on the floor worse 
than that at which the chase was U^x which he played. 

22. Chase-otY. — When a ball in i)lay 

(a) falls at a p(Mnt on the iloor neither better nor worse than 
that at which, or at the gallery corresponding to which, the 
chase was for which the striker played; or 

(b) enters that gallery, or the gallery corresponding to that 
gallery line, or touches the post of that gallery, or falls on 
the gallery line corresponding to that gallery at which the 
chase was for which the striker j^layed ; or 

(c) drops or falls upon a ball, or other obiect. which is at a 
])oint on the floor neither better or w(M-se than that at 
which, or at the gallery corresponding to which, the chase 
was for which the striker played; 

it is marked off, it is not scored as a stroke won by either 
player, the chase is ainiulled. and the striker has n(~)t to play fo'" 
it again. 

23. Chases When Played For. — As soon as two chases are 
marked, or one chase, when the score of either player is at forty 
or advantage (see law 25), the ])layers change sides; the player 
who made the first chase now defends it, wdiile the other plays 
to win it, and so with the second chase, except when only one 
has been marked. 

24. Chases \\'hen Marked in lu'ror Annulled. — If by an error 
three chases ha\e been marked, or two chases when the score 
of either player is at fr.rty or advantage (see law 25), the last 
chase in each case is annulled. 



Spalding' s Athletic Library, 97 

25. Strokes, How Scored. — On either player winning his first 
stroke the score is called fifteen for that player ; on either player 
winning his second stroke, the score is called thirty for that 
player ; or either player winning his third stroke, the score is 
called forty for that player ; and the fourth stroke won by either 
player is scored game for that player, except as below. 

If both players have won three strokes, the score is called 
deuce, and the next stroke won by either player is scored ad- 
vantage for that player ; if the same player win the following 
stroke he wins the game ; if he lose the following stroke the score 
is again called deuce, and so on until either player win the two 
strokes immediately following the score of deuce, when the game 
is scored for that player. 

26. Games, How Scored. — The player who first wins six games 
wins a set, except as below : 

If both players win five games, the score is called games all, 
and the next game won by either player is scored advantage game 
for that player. H the same player win the following game, he 
wins the set; if he lose the following game, the score is again 
called games all ; and so on until either player win the two games 
immediately following the scores of games all, when he wins the 
set. 

Note. — Players often agree not to play advantage sets, but to 
decide the set by one game after arriving at the score of games 
all. 

27. Doubtful and Disputed Cases, How Decided. — Every chase 
is marked and every stroke scored by the marker, who is entitled 
to consult the dedans (meaning the spectators in the dedans) 
when he is in doubt. A player who is dissatisfied with the 
markers decision is entitled to appeal to the dedans. A majority 
of the dedans confirms or reverses the marker's decision. An ap- 
peal n:ust be made before a recommencement of play. 

Note. — The dedans should not give a decision unasked on a 
Question of marking a chase or stroke; but may, and should 
correct inaccin-atc scoring of chases, strokes, games, or sets. 



gS Spalding's Athletic Library. 

THREE-HANDED OR FOUR-HANDED GAMES. 

(Sometimes Called Double Games.) 

28. Order of Play, — The partners serve and strike out in alter- 
nate games, unless it shall have been previousely agreed to the 
contrary. 

Note. — It is usually, but not always, agreed that the striker-out 
may leave to his partner such services as pass him. The former 
laws apply to these as well as to single games, the advantages and 
disadvantages attaching to a single player under the former laws 
attaching to a pair of players. 

ODDS. 

29. Bisques and Half-Bisques, When Taken Generally. — (a) A 
bisque or a half-bisque may not be taken after the service has 
been delivered. 

(b) The server may n^t take a bisque after a fault, but the 
striker-out may do so. 

30. Bisques and Half-Bisques, when Taken in Changing Sides. 
— A player who wishes to take a bisque or a half-bisque, there 
being a chase or two chases marked, may take it either before 
or after changing sides, but he may not after changing sides go 
back to take it. 

31. Round Services. — (a) When the odds of round services are 
given, the ball served by the giver of odds must touch the grille 
penthouse after touching the service penthouse, and before drop- 
ping in the service court or on one of the lines which bound it. 

(b) Neither faults nor failure in complying with the above 
conditions are counted against the giver of odds ; but the recipient 
(if odds may decline to return such services as do not touch both 
penthouses ; if, however, he attempt and fail to return any such 
service it is counted against him. 

22. Half-Court. — The players having agreed into which half- 
court, on each side of the net, the giver of the odds shall play, the 
latter loses a stroke if (he ball, returned by him, drop in either 
rif the other half courts; but a l)all returned by the giver of odds 
which 



Spalding^ s Athletic Library, 99 

(a) drops an the half-court Hne ; or 

(b) drops in his half-court, or touches the dedans post before 
falling; or 

(c) drops in his half-court and falls in the dedans, even 
though on the other side of the dedans post ; or 

(d) touches the dedans post before dropping; 

is counted for the giver of odds; and a return, boasted against 
any wall by the giver of odds, which 

(e) drops in his half-court; or 

(f) drops on the half-court line; or 

(g) touches the dedans post before dropping; or 

(h) touches any penthouse, battery, or wall, before dropping 
in his half-court, dropping on the half-court line or touch- 
ing the dedans post ; 
is also counted for the giver of odds. 

Note. — It is of course evident that the giver of these odds may 
make a chase, or win a chase or a stroke, with a ball which 
drops in his half-court or on the half-court line, but falls in the 
other half-court. 

ZZ. Nicks, When All the Walls or Side- Walls are Given.— 
When the odds of touch-no-walls or touch-no-side-walls are 
given, a ball returned by the giver of odds, which makes a nick 
is counted for the striker. 




No. 25 -ITAND TENNTS. T?IF UNDERHAND SERV£„ 



Spalding's Athletic Library. toi 



HAND TENNIS 



An Attractive Court Game Originated by E. J. Gianinni, Physical 
Director of the New York Athletic Club. 



A game embodying the principles of court tennis, lawn tennis 
and other court pastimes is hand tennis, a sport which has at- 
tained popularity in various parts of the country, and which 
will become more widely played when it has been given addi- 
tional publicity. Hand tennis, as its name signifies, requires no 
racket, the hand being used in propelling the ball. The ball — a 
regulation tennis ball — is sent back and forth over a net. and 
into a court marked off in a manner somewhat similar to 
that in lawn tennis. As may readily be recognized, the game 
possesses qualities that provide a beneficial as well as an en- 
joyable form of exercise, and it Is a splendid means of improving 
the wind and making the body lithe and uniformly developed. 

The sport was invented by E. J. Gianinni, athletic instructor at 
the New York Athletic Club. He was exercising in a g>^mna- 
sium one day with a friend when the idea entered his mind. 
Gianinni placed two chairs opposite each other, say twenty-five 
or thirty feet apart, and tied a rope from the back of one to the 
back of the other, and about three and a half feet from the floor. 
This represented the net. Placing his friend on one side, a fair 
distance back from the improvised net, Gianinni went to the 
other side and both men hit the ball back and forth over the 
rope, into imaginary courts. The game proved so interesting 
to both players that Gianinni determined to develop it. He 
straightway designed a net, originated measurements for a 
court, and formulated rules and a system of scoring. He printed 
pamphlets describing the game and distributed them gratuitously 
among people seeking information concerning it. The New York 
Athletic, and other clubs, took it up and in the gymnasium of 
the aforementioned Mercury Foot organization, two courts w^ere 




No. 26-HAND TENNIS. A SIDE-ARM SERVE. 



Spalding^ s Athletic Library. 103 

marked and almost any day members can be seen euthusiastically 
engaged in either singles or doubles. 

Hand tennis is not unlike hand ball in some respects. Either 
hand may be used in striking the ball and unceasing activity is 
required. There are four modes of serving (see Figs. 25, 26, 27), 
says Mr. Gianinni — the underhand, the side, the overhand, and 
the cut serve. The underhand serve is the primary move in 
learning. The position for striking the ball and the manner 
of the execution of the strike is shown in Fig. 25. Preserve your 
balance, keep on the balls of your feet, and throwing the ball 
before you, strike it with a strong full swing of the hand. 
While in play you may return a ball while facing the net, or 
as in racquets and squash, turn sideways to the net — in racquets 
and squash the front wall — and facing in a line at right angles 
to the line of the ball's approach, swing your hand forward, meet- 
ing the ball squarely and forcibly. Always keep your eye on the 
ball, when it is coming toward and when 3^ou are striking it. 

After mastering the underhand serve, the player may then take 
up the side serve, continuing to the overhand serve, and lastly 
the cuts. These serves can be executed with either hand, and 
practically the same movements are used in returning the various 
forms of attack. Placing is a feature that should be developed. 
It adds greatly to a player's strength. Your principal efforts 
should be spent on improving accuracy, speed and style. The 
side stroke is probably the most forcible in the hand tennis play- 
er's repertoire. It should be borne in mind that the ball should 
be hk both snappily and accurately with the opened palm of the 
hand. In cutting, of course, a side twist or flick is given the 
ball according to the direction in which you desire the ball to 
"break" on its rebound from the floor. A good idea of the game 
may be had from Fig. 28, which shows a player returning a diffi- 
cult serve with a side stroke. 




No. 5>7-HAND TENNIS. AN OVERHAND SERVE. 



Spaldivi^'s AthlHic Library. 105 



THE RULES OF HAND TENNIS 



1. The server must stand back of the base line within the 
limits of the width of the court— either right or left— from which 
he is serving. 

2. The ball must be bounced to the floor outside of the base 
line before striking it on the serve. 

3. The ball may be returned after the serve either on the first 
bounce or on the fly; on the serve the ball must be returned on 
the first bounce. 

4. The ball may be struck with either hand, but not with both 
together. 

5. In serving two tries are allowed if necessary to place the 
ball in the proper court. If two faults result, it is "hand out." 

6. A ''let" is the same as in lawn tennis. 

7. In serving, if the ball goes into the net it is "hand out." 

8. Stepping over the foul line at the net, striking the net with 
the hand or reaching over the net is foul. 

9. A ball which rebounds by striking any part of the person 
other than the hand is foul. 

10. A ball striking on the boundary or court lines is good. 

11. Any fouls committed by the server or sefving side is 
"hand out." 

12. "Hand out" is the loss of the ball to the opposing side. 



" HAND TENNIS COURT. 

Court is 40 feet long and 16 feet wide ; net is 2 feet high, and 
hung 2 feet 6 inches from the floor. Foul lines are 3 feet on 
either side from the net. All lines are usually painted on the 
floor in white. 

For the benefit of those desiring to learn to play hand tennis, 
the inventor of the game describes it as follows, a sample con^ 
test: 



Spalding s Athletic Library. 107 

The first player, "A," serves the ball to the opposing player 
as provided in the rules, and who stands diagonal h- opposite in 
one of the two courts on the other side of the net. The second 
player, whom we will call "B," attempts to return the ball over 
the net and within bounds, and failing, '"A" scores one point. If 
"B" returns the ball fairly and "A" fails to return it to '"B," a 
hand-out occurs and no point is scored. "B" then serves and 
play continues as above described. The player first scoring 
twenty-five points wins the gam.e. A player can score only when 
he is the server or hand-in. In both singles and doubles the 
server alternates from the right to the left court, until losing the 
ball and becoming hand-out. 



National Squash Tennis Association 



OFFICERS 19»3-19I4 

JCSIAH O. LOW. PRESIDENT 
GEORGE A. LYON. Jr.. VtCE-PRCSIDENT 
ARTHUR L. MARVIN. TREASURER 
WILLIAM H. Y. HACKETT. SECRETARY 
27 WEST 44th Street 



EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 

F. S. KEELER 

A. W. RILEY 

J. V. ONATIVIA. Jr. 

S. STODDARD 

G. WHITNEY 



New York, October 28th, 1913, 



Messrs. A. G. Spalding & Bros., 
126 Nassau Street, 

New York City. 



Gentlemen: 

At a meeting of the National Squash 
Tennis Association, held on October 21st, 
1913, the Spalding Ball was officially 
adopted for use by the Association during 
the season 1913-1914. 

Yours very truly. 

Secretary 



KZ THE SPALDING 



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No. 0. Spalding "Championship" CK-erspun Squash Tennis Balls (Patented). 
\^ hite or Green covering. ....... Dozen, $6.00 

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regular No. 00 ball is designed for turf court use, w^hile the new No. OOH ball is 

for use on hard or clay- 
courts. 

On the record made by 
theSpaldingChampion- 
ship Tennis Ball so far 
w^e are w^illing to base 
our claims for superior- 
ity, and wherever these 
balls are used, either in 
a tournament or regular 
play, we are certain our 
judgment will be con- 
firmed. Absolutely best 
in every particular of 
manufacture and made 
by people who have 
been in our employ, 
many of them, for twen- 
ty years and over, w^e 
place the Spalding 
Championship Tennis 
Balls before the most 
critical clientele in the 
athletic w^orld with per- 
fect confidence that 
they will give absolute 
satisfaction. 

No. 00. Spalding "Championship" Lawn Tennis Balls. For turf courts. 
Dozen, $4.00 Three balls only, $1.00 One or two balls. Each, 35c. 
No. OOH. Spalding "Championship" Lawn Tennis Balls. For hard courts. 
Dozen, $4.00 Three balls only, $1.00 One or two balls. Each, 35c. 

No. 0. In the manufacture of the Spalding Championship Ball only those which 
are absolutely perfect in every particular are allowed to pass, and the "culls" or 
"throw-outs" are stamped simply Tournament and do not bear the Spalding Trade- 
Mark. These balls will answer for practice or for children's use, but should not 
be used for match play. Dozen, $3.00 Each, 25c, 




I 



nomtmimoNsivENTo 

(NT eOMMQNlCATiOr 



MotmteTa us ' 



A.G.SPALDING &, BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOB COMPLETE UST Of STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVEP 
» OF THIS BOOK 



IPHbw ii» «ff*ct JkiMwry 5, )914. Subject to dutngo without notice. For OituHian price* tee (pedal C«itwliMi'C«tale(»» 



sSbsK THE SPALDING (t!iTRADE 



■MARKTuTrf 



LAWN TEMNHS RACBiET: 




No. GMB 

Jan. 3, 1905 
June 12, 1906 



SPALDING 
GOLD MEDAL RACKET 
No. GMB. The racket is sold 
upon its own reputation and the 
Spalding Guarantee is your assur- 
ance of satisfaction. Handles 5, 
5 '4^ and 5-^8 inches in circum- 
ference. Stringing of clearest and 
absolutely best quality lambs' gut. 
Tag attached to each racket, giv- 
ing particulars of special inspec- 
tion. We use a dogwood insertion 
in shoulders, after proving to our 
satisfaction, by experience, that it 
is far superior to cane or other 
material for the purpose. With- 
out case Each, $7.50 



SPALDING "ALL COMERS'" RACKET 
No. GMF. This racket is built for hard, con- 
stant play. New model, large frame. Walnut 
throat piece. Shoulders wrapped with vellum 
and gut for special reinforcement. Stringing 
is double in the central portion in the popular 
expert style. Handles 5, 5*4 and 5;^s inches 
in circumference. Stringing is of clearest and 
absolutely best quality lambs* gut. Each racket 
is enclosed in a special quality mackintosh 
cover Each, $8.00 




No. GMF 

Patonti'd 
March 6, 1900 
Jan. 3. 1905 
June 12, 1906 



We urRC that at the conclusion of play Racket be rubbed dry, and when not in use be covered 
with a Waterproof Cover, placed in a Racket Press, and the gut occasionally gone over with 
Spalding Tennis Gut Preservative. KEEP YOUR RACKET IN A DRY PLACE, otherwise 

the Guarantee is void. 

Q^^p^y^pSJ'P^P^ We guarantee Lawn Tennis Rackets for a period of 30 days 

from date of purchase by the user. The Guarantee Tag 

attached to each Spalding Lawn Tennis Racket reads as follows: If this Racket proves 
defective in workmanship or material w^ithin 30 days from date of purchase, please 
return, transportation charges prepaid, to any Spalding Store, and the defect will be 
rectified. Imperfectly strung rackets will be restrung, and in the event of a broken 
frame due to workmanship or defective material, the racket will be replaced. 
NOTICE — This Guarantee does not apply to Rackets weighing less than 13 ounces. 



CROMPT ATTENTION GIVEN TO 

ANY COMMUNICATIONS 

ADDHESSED TO US 



A.G.SPALDING &, BROS, 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPIETE LIST OF STORES 
SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 
' OF THIS BOOK 



Pric** ut effect Jwau»iy 6, 1914. Subject to change without notice For Ceiudian price* tee tpecial Cena<li*a Catalogue 



rjHE SPALDING 



SUBSTITUTE 



TRADEMARK ■^Kf 



SPAILBINC 
ILAWN TENNIS RACKET: 





HACKETT AND 

ALEXANDER 
MODEL RACKET 

"PERFECT OVAL" 
DEPRESSED THROAT 

PIECE 
No. OGM. Made in the 
Spalding "Perfect O 
Model, with walnut throat 
piece, dogwood reinforce- 
ment and vellum wrapped shoulders. We claim 
that this is a scientifically perfect lawn tennis 
racket. Handles 5, b':i and 5 : inches in circum- 
ference. Stringing of clearest and absolutely best 
quality lambs' gut. Each racket is enclosed in a 
special quality mackintosh cover. Each, $8.00 



GOLD MrDAL 

RACKET 

MODEL H 

DEPRESSED THROAT 
PIECE 

No.GMH. The special de- 
pressed throat piece, a feat- 
ure which we introduced in 
our No. OGM, we are using 
now also in the No. GMH. 
The stringing is double in the central portion in 
the popular expert style. Handles 5, 5'i and 
5?^^ inches in circumference. Stringing of clear- 
est and absolutely best quality lambs' gut. 
Each racket is enclosed in a special quality 
mackintosh cover Each, $8.00 



SPALDING "OLYMPIC" RACKET 
DEPRESSED THROAT PIECE 
No. GML. This racket exemplifies what may be done in racket manufacture with perfect factory 
facilities. No frills, but with every up-to-date feature that has stood the test. Double strung in cen- 
tral portion, vellum wrapped, and gut wound at shoulders ; depressed walnut throat, with dogwood 
reinforcement. Handles 5, 5*4 and 5 * '". inches in circumference. Stringing of clearest best qualit:/ 
lar-r.l-c' eiit. Special quality mackintosh cover with each racket Farh .<8.O0 



PROMPT iTTEIfTlON GIVEN TO I 

m COMMUNICITIONS 

ADDRESSED TO US 



A. G.SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FORCOHPlfTEllSTOPSTOPIS 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVE^ 

OF THIS Boot 



Price* in effect January 5, 1914. Subject to chance without Dotiee. For CuodUo price* *ee *pecud C«n«(liu> Caulogue. 



paMiimg Temnniis Mete 




3-D. Double Center Net. (Hand Made). Showing aUo No. A Post* and No. 3-0 Center Strap 




No. 3-A. Machine Made Net. Showing al»o No. C Post* 



Spalding "Championship" Tarred Nets— Hand Made 

For tournament play. Furnished with extra heavy galvan- 
ized wire cable. Extra heavy duck binding at top. 
No. 9-0. 42 ft. 6 in. X 3 '4' ft.. 36 thread. Each. $12.00 

No. 8-0. 33 ft. X 3,'+ ft.. 36 thread. " 10.00 



Spidding Tarred Nets — Hand Made 
Bound with 10 oz. duck at top. With galvanized wire c^ble. 
No. 7-0. 42 ft. 6 in. x 3'+ ft.. 21 thread. . E-ich. $10.00 
No. 6-0. 33 ft. X 3 H' ft. 21 thread. " 9.00 



Spalding Double Center Nets — Hand Made 

Double twine knitted together from 20 to 26 feet. 
While. 21 Thread. Double Court 
42 ft. X 3 ft., double center ^6 feet. 
36 ft. X 3 ft., double center 20 feet 
White, 15 Thread, Double Court 
42 ft. X 3 ft., double center 26 feet. 
36 ft. X 3 ft., d»uble center 20 feet. 



No. 3D 
No. 2D 



No. 3C. 
No. 2C. 



Each, $6.50 
6.00 



Each, $5.50 
5.00 



Spalding Black Twine Club Nets — Hand Made 
Dyed with fast coloring matter which adds to their durability. 
Bound at top with a doubled band of 8 oz. white duck, 2 in. 
wide. Heavy tarred manila ropes top and bottom. Each 

No. 5-0. 42 ft. X 3 ■.;: ft.. 30 thread, single center. . , $8.00 
No. 4-0. 36 ft. X 3 !+' ft., 30 thread, single center. . . 7.50 
No. 3-0. 42 ft. X 3 '4 ft., 2 1 thread, double center 26 ft. 8.00 
No. 2-0. 36 f t X 3X ft-, 2 1 thread, double center 20 ft. 7.50 



Galvanized Steel Cable for Top Cords 

Full length X-i"ch galvanized steel cable, five strands of 
seven wires each, twisted tightly. With metal loop at each 
end and manila rope ends to fasten to post. E^ch,. $2.00 



Spalding Machine Made Nets 

Top bound with heavy 2-inch canvas (trip. (White) 

No. 4A. Double Court, 42 ft, 21 thread. . Each. $3.50 

No. 3 A. Double Court, 42 ft.. 15 thread. . " 2.00 

No. 2A. Double Court, 36 ft.. 15 thread. . " 1.75 

Top and bottom bound with heavy cotton rope. (White) 
No. 3. Double Court. 42 ft., 15 thread. . , Each. $1.50 
No. 2. Double Court, 36 ft., 15 thread. . . " 1.25 
No.,1. Single Court, 27 ft, 12 thread. . . " 1.00 



Spalding Canvas Bound Nets -Hand Made 
NOT Double Centar. Top bound with heavy 2-inch canvas strip 
No. 38. DoubleCourt.42ft.x3ft..21thread.white. Ea.,$5.00 
>lo.2B. DoubleCourt.36ft.x3ft..2lthroad.white. - 4.50 



Spalding Twine Nets for Backstops — Machine Made 

No. 4. White. 50 feet long, 7 feet high. 9 thread. Each. $2.50 
No. 5. White, 50 feet long, 6 feet high. 1 2 thread. " 3.50 
No. SX. Tarred, 50 feet len<, 6 feet hi<b»12 tkrakd. " 4.00 



PIOMPTATTENTIWBIVENTOI 

.ANY COMMUMICtnONS 

AODKmOTOOS 



A. G.SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMmn LIST or STORES 

:E£ INSIDE FRONT COVER 

Of THIS MM 



Pricea ia cffact Jaausiry 5w )9M. Subject to dteox* wStheut notice. Fer 



•P««mI C>»»i<i«w CatKlearea 



suesmu?£ THE SPALDING 



TRADEMARK TuT, 




Spalding Racket Covers 

No. O. Brown and mixed colored canvas cover, full size. 

Each, 35c. 

No. 1. Soft felt cover, full size " 50c. 

No. GM. Good quality mackintosh material. Same exactly 

as we furnish with our Gold Medal Rackets. Each, $1.00 
No. 14. Canvas cover, neatly bound, with extra pocket to 

hold balls Each. $1.00 

No. 16. Well finished sheepskin, neatly bound. A very 

attractive cover Each, 2.00 

No. 5. Stifl leather, for one racket. ... " 5.50 

No. 7. Stiff leather, for two rackets. . . " 7.50 

Elnglish Leather Tennis Bag 

No. 12. Made of special quality leather and with compart- 
ments to hold rackets, balls and suit. , . Elach, $15.00 

Rackets Restrung 

We make a specialty of restringing rackets of every known 
make. The work is done by our most scientific stringers, 
and none but first quality gut is used. When sending 
rackets to us to be restrung be sure- to prepay charges on 
the package and mark with your name and address. Write us 
under separate cover full particulars regarding restringing. 

No. 1. Oriental Gut, White only Each, $1.00 

No. 2. , Lambs' Gut, White only " 1.50 

No. 3. Best Lambs' Gut, White only. . . . " 2.S0 
No. 4. Special Expert Stringing, White only. " 3.50 

Spalding Lawn Tennis Score Books 

Official Lav^n Tennis Score Book, paper cover, 16 sets. lOc 
£xtra Tennis Score Cards, 4 sets Dozen, lOc 

Seccomb Grip Winder 

No.S. Rubber fabric, to wind around racket handle. Ea.. 15c. 



Spalding Racket Presses 

The most effective style presses in use to-day. Rackets should 

be kept in one of them when not in use to prevent warping, 

especially when they have been exposed to moisture or 

used at the seashore. 

No. IR. For one racket Each, $1.00 

No. 5R. Superior quality. Of finely polished walnut, with 
brass fittings. Suitable for one or two rackets. E^ch, $2.50 

" Gambination " Racket Press and Case 

Patent Applied For 

No. CPC. This is as the name suggests, both a press and a 

case under one cover. Cas^ is made of best sole leather, 

practically waterproof; press', which is fastened inside 

case holds racket frame in shape. . . . EUich, $12.00 

Spalding "Club" Racket Press 

Invaluable for Clubs Conducting Tournaments 

No. C-P. This is a most substantial affair and is arranged 

for any number of rackets up to 24. The proper thing 

for clubs where it is necessary to keep a number of 

rackets in proper shape all the time. . . Each. $25.00 

Rubber Handle Cover 

No. 3. For covering racket handles to secure a better grip. 
Made of pure gum rubber. Will give excellent satis- 
faction Each, 50c 

Rubber Adhesive Tape for Racket 
Handle Grip 

No. AD. Made especially for this purpose, I inch wide. 
Piece 4 feet long in individual box. . • , Elach, 10c. 

Spalding Tennis Gut Preservative 

Apply immediately after playing, as it takes a little time to 
dry thoroughly. Two-ounce bottle of special quality preserv- 
ative, complete with good brusb ia box. . . Bottle 25c 



nOIIFT iTTENTlON GIVEN TO 
^ANT GMIUINIGATIONS 



A.G.SPALDING &, BROS 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPlfTE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE nONT COVEB 

OfTHttBfltt 



, Trie** ia effect Jwiu»ry 5. 1914. Subject to ehanje without notit*. For Canadian pricet tee (peei&l CaaadUa CaUJocu*- 



IIMii!HiiJjl.ll!IM> A'j,H,nmilili l 



Figure Eight Foils 



Spalding fencing Foils, 



Bell Guard Foils 




No. 7. Iron mountings, "figure 8" guard, corded 

handle. . . • Per pair, $1.50 

No. 1 1 . Blued mountings,"figure 8" gucu-d, corded 
handle, blued pommel, 34-inch blade. Pcur,$2.50 
No. 18. Mountings, "figure 8" guaurd, pommel of 
brass, corded heindle, 34-inch blade. Pair, $3.00 
No. 17. Special "Club" Foil, nickel-plated and 
polished, improved "figure 8 ' guard and pommel, 
specicJ corded handle, 34-in. blade. Pedr, $4.00 
No. 14L- Ladies' Foil, nickel-plated and pol- 
ished, "figure 8" guard, plush covered handle, 
mountings polished and plated, engraved 32-in. 
blade Per pair, $4.00 



No. 15. Nickel-plated bell guard, corded handle, 
mountings nickel-plated, 34-in. blade. Pair,$2.75 
No. 19. Nickel-plated and buffed bell guard, 
corded handle, mountings nickel-plated and pol- 
ished, selected 34-inch blade. Per pair, $3.50 
No. 23. Reinforced bell guard, all mountings 
nickel-plated emd highly polished, corded han- 
dle, fine 34-inch engraved blade. Pair, $5.00 
No. 24L. Ladies" Foil, small bell guard and all 
trimmings nickel-plated and polished, plush cov- 
ered handle, fine 34-in. engraved blade. Pr.,$4.00 

Spalding Special 
Italian Pattern Foil 



Showing simple method of detaching blade. 

No. 2X. Army and Navy Style. Approved pat- 
tern as used at West Point and Annapolis. Special 
detachable blade may be taken out in a moment, 
yet when screws in guard has been tightened the 
blade is absolutely tight and rigid. Pair. $5.75 
No.D. Detachable blade for No. 2X foil. Ea.. .70 

Fencing Swords 




No. 10. Haute Rapur, finest 
steeL Pair, $10.00 




We carrj- in stock two of the most popular models 
of Italian style foils. Product of two of the best 

makers in Europe. Perfect in every detail. 
No. 9. Gennari Model, regular finish. Pr.,$ 1 0.50 
No. 16. Special Model, finely finished nickel fit- 
tings Per pain $11.50 

Extra blades for Italian pattern foil, flat style, best 
quality . Each, $1.25 

Italian Style Rapiers 



No. 1 5. Combat Sword, regulation style. 
No. 20. Broadswords, regulation style. 

No. 30. Broadswords, wood 

Sword Blades 
No. 1. For Rapier No JO. . . . Each, $1.50 
No. Vi. For Sword No. 15. . . " 1-75 

No. 2." For Sword No. 20. . . " 2.50 




Spalding Special 




Duelling Sword 



No.160. RadaelliModel.nick- 
eled mountings. Pair, $11.50 
^^_^ No. 170. . Masiello Model, ja- 
No. " '"^ panned mountings. Pair,$8.25 
180. MasielloModel.nickeledmountings." 10.50 
220. BarbasettiModekjapanned mountings. 9.25 
230. BarbasettiModel.nickeledmountings. 10.50 
Blades for any of above models. . Each, 2.50 
Chiave, wrench for mounting and dismounting 
blades. . Each, 50c. 

Fencing Sticks 




No. 4X. Nickel-^V plated and polished fit- No. 40. Sticks, complete. Pair,80c. 

tings, fine quality ^'B^ three-cornered blades. No. 41. Willow Basket Handles, 40c. 

handleleathercoveredandwoundwithsilvercord. No. 42. Hickory Sticks only. Pr..40c. 

reinforced 5-inch bell guard, heavy pommel, oma- ^^ No. Foil Blades 

mented. Well made, superior quality. Pair,$l 1.50 %^ A. Fine Solingen Steel Blades, 34-in.Ea.,70c. 

Extra blades for duelling swords, three-cornered, ^ B. Fine Brunon Steel Blades, 34-in. " 70c. 

best quality. . , . * . . ... Elach. $3.00 No.c C Rubber Foil Buttons. . Per pair, lOc 



P80HPTATTENTI(IN61VENT0| 
ANY COMMUNICATIONS 
* AMaKSEOTODS 



A. G. SPALDING & BROS, 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOR COMPLETE LIST OF STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER^ 

OF THIS BOOK ® 



PrioM-b vHact Junamry 5. 1914. Subject to chaii«e without ootice. for Canadian prices tee (pecial Caoadiar. Catalogue 



££ 




lUARANTEtS 
QUALITY 



bpalding h'oil Masks 

Extra fine quality. Close mesh and strongly 
made. Trimmed with black patent leather, padded 
head spring and chin-piece. 

No. 1. Face guard only Per pair, $2.75 

No. 2. Face and ear guards" ... " 3.50 

No. 3. Face, ear and forehead guards. " 4.00 

Spalding Foil and Broadsword Masks 

No. 42. Close mesh and heavy v/ire. Per pair, $8.00 

No. 41. Heavy reinforced tviristed wire. " 14.00 

No. 57. Instructor's Fencing Mask. . " 17.50 

No. 52. Extra heavy twisted wire. . " 17.50 

No. 59. Suitable for either regular foil fencing or heavy 
broadsword work. Removable padding. Pair, $18.75 

No. 50. For heavy or light sabre fencing. " 23.00 

Spalding Broadsword Helmet 

"No. 4. Heavy wire, reinforced. Well padded. Pair, $10.00 

Spalding Fencing Plastrons 

Good quality leather; heavily padded and quilted. 

No. 2. Chest and right side Each, $2.50 

No. 3. Chest and right and left side. . " 3.00 
No. 3L. Women's. Same as No. 3, but shaped for 

waist Each, $3.00 

Spalding Fencing Jackets 

No. C. Special quality brown canvas, with collar. 

Each, $3.50 
No. M. Same at No. C, but of good quality moleskin. 

Each, $4.50 

Spalding Chamois Pad 

For Broadsword Fencing 

No. 87. Covered with chamois, padded and quilted. 

Each. $5.00 

Spalding Elbow Protector 

No. 74. Sole leather, leather strap and buckle. Each, 50c. 

Spalding Foil Gloves 

Made in Rights or Lefts 
No. 1. Short soft leather cuff, nicely padded. Each. $1.25 
No. 2. Gauntletof soft leather, nicely padded. " 1.50 i 
No. 3. Patent leather, stiff elbow gauntlet, nicely padded. 

Each. $2.00 
No. 6. Ladies' White buck Gauntlet Glove. " 1.25 

No. 61. White buck, with Gauntlet. ..." 1.50 

No.63. White buck leather, soft gauntlet. . " 2.00 

Spalding French Duelling Gloves 

(Mousquetaire Pattern) 
No.D. Soft leather, extra long soft gauntlet. Each. $2.50 
No. 60. Unpadded, flexible white buck leather. " 123 

Spalding Broadsword Glove 

No. 5. Full padded, stiff elbow gauntlet. Each, $3.50 
No, 7. Same as above, but shorter cuff. " 3.00 

Spalding Fencing Shoes 

No.L. Drab Clove Leather, red trimmings. Made to cyder 
only. Not carried in stock. Specif>- if to be made with or 
without toe extension sole, and on which shoe. Pair, $5.00 
So. LW. Ladies', Otherwise same as No. L. •' 5.00 



Aj 


Ih^fM 


^ 


itb 


rtQ 


No 1 No ^ 


fffh 




I' 
\ I 

No 5^*S5^ 


^^^ 



PI8MPT ATTENTION GHfENTI 
.AHYCSHMONKIATIONS 
t^ ABflBESStB TO US 



A.G.SPALDING & BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOUCOMPim LIST 6f STORES 
L SEE INSIDE FRONT CeVEI. 



Price* in effect J&otuiry 5, 19J*- 



Sobiect to chance wHbout potic* For CatMiiUe once, too (pecUl Cwuiiu CataUfa*.* 



[Brl^MHaiilKIMIIlU^M^ 




No. IS 



rrft.i5s. 



Spalding Gymnasium Shoes 

Gymnasium Shoes must be comfortable and easy, yet fit snugly and give the 
wearer a sure footing— they must also be durable. Spalding Gymnasium Shoes 
possess all of these good qualities and, in addition, are reasonable in price. 

No. 15. High cut, kanga- 
roo uppers, genuine elk- 
skin soles. Will not slip 
on floor; extra light. Cor- 
rect shoes for boxing. 

Per pair, $5.00 
No. 15,5. High cut, elk- 
iskin soles, and will not 
slip on floor; soft and flex- 
ible; women's and men's 
sizes. . Per pair, $4.50 
No. 166. Low cut, select- 
ed leather, extra light and 
electric soles; w^omea's 
and men's sizes. 

^ Per pair, 3.00 
No.90L. Women's. Low 
cut, black leather, elec- 
tric soles and corrugated 
rubber heels. Pair, $2.50 
No. 21. High cut, black 
leather, electric soles. 
Sewed and turned, which 
makes shoes extremely 
light and flexible. 

Per pair, $2.50 
No, 85L. Women's. Low cut, black leather, with 

roughened electric soles Per pair, $2.00 

No, 20. Low cut. Otherwise as No. 21. Sewed 

and turned shoes. * Per pair, $2.00 

No. 20L. Women's. Otherwise as No. 20. Sewed 
and turned shoes Per pair, $2.00 






Spalding Special Bowling Shoes 

No. 148. For bowling and general athletic use. 
Light drab chrome tanned leather uppers with elec- 
tric soles. Lace extremely low down. . Pair, $3.50 



mOMPT ATTENTION GIV»TB 
^ANY COMMUNICATieNS^ 
^ ADDIIESSEO TO BS » 



A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



Foil COMPUTE LIST OF STORES 
SEE INSIOE FRONT COVER 
- OF THIS BflOI '^ 



Price< in effect January 5, 1914. Subject to chuis« without aotic«. For Oni»iili>n price* tee (p«cUI CjLn«aiui C«tftl»fu» 



£Mi 




^-rm^m^ 










SFAILDUNG JJACMET SWEATERS 

Stock Sizes : 28 to 46 inches chest measurement. 
We allow. four inches for stretch in all our stealers, and sizes are marked accordingly. . ^(/'^^''-^^^f^f' -J^^^^^?:' 
that for very heavy men a size about two inches larger than coat measurement be ordered to tnstire a comfortable fit. 




Spalding 
Jacket Sweaters 

Heavy Weight 

WITH POCKETS 
No. VGP. Best quality wor- 
sted, heavy weight, pearl 
buttons. Pocket on each 
side; particularly conve- 
nient and popular style for 
golf players, also for use in 
combination with CT Col- 
laiette during cold or in- 
clement weather. 
Each, $6.50 * $70.20 Doz. 

WITHOUT POCKETS 

No. VG. Same as No. VGP. 
but without pockets. 
Each, $6.00 • $64.80 Doz. 

STOCK COLORS— All Sweaters (except No. 3J) listed on this page carried in 

stock in Gray, White, Navy, Maroon, Cardinal, Purple, and Old Gold. 
SPECIAL ORDERS— In addition to stock colors mentioned, we also supply 
any of the sweaters listed on this page in any other color on special orders 

without extra charge. 

SPECIAL NOTICE— We will furnish any of the solid color sweaters listed on 

this page (except No. 3J), with one color body and any other color (not striped) 

collar and cuffs, on special orders, at no extra charge. 

Spalding Collarette 

Made especially for use with Spalding Jacket and Vest Collar Sweaters, coming up high around 
neck, with button front and reversible collar, and providing the necessary warmth and protection 
required in cold or inclement weather or while engaging in outdoor sports dunng hard weather. 
No. CT. Spalding Collarette, Carried in stock in same colors as sweaters listed on this page, and 
furnished on special orders in any other color without extra charge Each, $2.00 

See next pag« for special Angora wool button front sweaters, particularly for women's use, 
also special Angora mufflers, toques and knitted caps. 

The prices printed in italics opposite Uems marked -withirunll be quoted only o" orders for one-half dosenormore^ 
Quantity prices NOT allowed on items NOT marked with* "".'■-- 



Spalding 
Jacket Sweaters 

Standard Weight 

The standard or lighter 
weight jacket sweaters are 
especially suitable for wear 
under regular coat when walk- 
ing or taking ordinary exercise. 
No.DJ. Fine worsted, stand- 
ard weight, pearl buttons, 
fine knit edging. 
Each, $5.00 •^5^.00 Doz. 

No. 3J. Standard weight, 
similar style to No. DJ, but 
Shaker knit instead of fine 
worsted, without fine knit 
edging. Pearl buttons. Car- 
ried in stock in Gray, Navy, 
Black, Maroon, No special 
orders. 
Each, $4.00 •^45.00 Dor. 

Two pockets in either No. DJ 
or No. 3J sweaters, put in at 
time made, not after. 

Extra, 50c. 



PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANCE WITHOUT NOTICE 



PROMPT AHENTION GIVEN TO I 

ANT COMMUNICATIONS 

ADDRESSED TO US 



A.G.SPALDING &. BROS. 



FOR COMPUTE LIST Of STORES 

SEE INSIDE FRONT COVER 

OF THIS Boot 



WHmt U affed JAatury V. 191^ Subjtd to ch«a«t withn 



For Cutftdian pric«i »•« spcdftl C«n*ditD CttilofU*. 



MADE BY LONDON'S BEST SPORTING TAIL0R3 



THE BEST 
SPORTS WEAR 

FOR MEN 
OR WOMEN 




Catalogue of Coverley Clothes'* 
sent 2ipon request. 



Golf Suits, 

Overcoats, 

Motor Capes, Flannel Trousers 

Knitted Jackets, Tennis Socks 

Golf Stockings, Golf and 

Tennis Shirts, Tennis Shoes 



m^mmmjsmmm'H j^^Eimm 



BETWEEN FORTY-THIRD AND FORTY-FOURTH STREETS, NEW YORK 



SUBSTITUTE 



THE SPALDING(U>)TRADEMARK 



QUALITY 



Spalding 
New Athletic Goods Catalogue 

The following selection of items from Spalding's latest Catalogue will give 
an idea of the great variety of ATHLETIC GOODS manufactured by 
A. G. SPALDING & BROS. .•/ /.' SEND FOR A FREE COPY. 



SEE LIST OF SPALDING STORE ADDRESSES ON INSIDE FRONT COVER OF THIS BOOK 

Archery Discs— ^ _^ Knee Protectors 

Ash Bars 
Athletic Library 
Attachm'ta, Che»t Weighl 



Discs- 
Marking, Golf 
Discus, Olympic 
Discs, Striking Bas 
Dumb BeUs 



ftddy BaJget 

JBP» 

Base BaU 

University 
„ Water Polo 
Center Forks, Iron 
Center Straps. CanvU 
Chest Weights ^ 
Circle, Seven-Foot 
Clock Golf 
Corks, Runnintr 
Covers. Racket 
Cricket Goods 
Croquet Good* 
CroM Bars . 



Bat 

Bathing Suit 
Caddy 
Cricket 
Striking 
Tennis 
Uniform 
Balls- 
Base 
Basket 
Cricket 



Hand 

Indoor 

Medicine 

Playgrouna 

Squash 

Tennis 

Volley 

Water Polo 

Ball Cleaner, Golf 

Bandages, Elastic 

Bar Bells 

Bars, Horizontal 

Bases- 
Base Ball 
Indoor 

Bathing Suit* 

Bats- 
Base Ball 
Cricket 
Indoor 

Batting Cage, 

Belts— 

^Leather and Worsted 

Bladders- 
Basket Ball 



Base BaD 



Emblems 
Embroidery 
Elquestrian Polo 



Striking Bag 
Blades. Fencing 



Felt Letters 
Fencing Sticks 
Field Hockey 
Finger Protection 
Flags- 
College 
Marking Golf 
Foils, Fencing 



G asses. Base Ball Sun 

Gloves— 
Base Ball 
Boxing 
Cricket 
Fencing 
Golf 
Hand Ball 

Clove Softener 

Goals- 
Basket Ball 

Golf Clubs 

Golf Counters 

Golfette 

Grips- 
Athletic 
Golf 

Cut Preservative, Tenni; 

Guy Ropes and Pegs 

Gym'm Suits. Women's 



Hammers, Athletic. 
Handle Cover, Rubber 
Hangers for Indian Club* 
Hals, University 
Health Pull 
Hob Na.ls 
Hole Cutter, Golf 
Hole Rim, Golf 
Hurdles, Safety 
Hurley Goods 



Indian Clubs 
Inflaters— 
Striking Ba| 



Jackets. Fencing 
Jerseys 



Lanes for Sprints 

Lawn Bowls 

Leg Guards- 
Base Ball 
Cricket 
Field Hockey 

Leotards 

^Letters— 

Embroidered 

Felt 

Liniment 



Posts- 
Backstop. Tennis 
Lawn Tennis 

Protectors — 
Abdomen 
Base Ball Body 
Indoor Base Ball 
Thumb 

Pulleys and Axle, Tennis 

Push Ball 

Pushers, Chamois 

Puttees, Golf 



Quoits 



Mallets- 
Cricket 
Croquet 
Equestriem Polo 
Roque 

Markers. Tennis 

Masks- 
Base BaU 
Fencing 

Mattresses 

Megaphones 

Mitts- 
Base Ball 
Hand Ba!l 
Striking Beig 

Monograms 

Mufflers. Knitted 

.Nets- 
Cricket 
Golf Driving 
Tennis 
Volley Ball 
Numbers, Competitors 



Racket Covers 

Racket Presses 

Rackets. Lawn Tennis 

Rackets Restrung 

Racks Golf Ball 

Rapiers 

Reels for Tennis Posts 

Referees' Whisde 

Rings- 
Exercising 
Swinging 

Roque 

Rowing Machines 



Pads- 
Chamois. Fencing 
Sliding, Base Ball 
Wrestling 

Pamt. Golf 

Pants- 
Base Ball 
Bathing, Knee 
Boys' Knee 
Running 

Pennants, College 

Pistol, Starters' 

Plastrons. Fencing 

Plates- 
Base Ball Shoe 
Home 

Marking, Tennis 
Pitchers Box 
Pitchers Toe 
Teeing. Golf 

Platforms, Striking Bag 

Poles. Vaultmg 

Polo, Equestrian 

Polo. Roll«. Goods 



Sacks, for Sack Racing 
Sandow Dumb Bells 
Score Books- 
Base Ball 

Basket Ball 

Cricket 

Golf 

Tennis 
Score Tablets, Base Ball 
Shirts- 
Athletic 

Base Ball 
Shoes — 

Base BaU 

Basket Ball 

Bowling 
Shoes- 
Clog 

Cricket 

Cross Country 

Fencing 

Golf 

Gymnasium 

Jumping 

Outing 

Running 

Squash 

Tennis 

Walking 
Shot- 

Athletio 

Indoor 



Skate Rollers 

Skates, Roller 

Slippers, Bathing 

Squash Goods 

Standards- 
Vaulting 
Volley Ball 

Straps- 
Base BaU 
For Three-Legged R*a 

Spikes, Cricket 

Steel Cable. Tennis Nfll 

Sticks, Polo 

Stockings . 

Stop Boards 

Striking Bags 

Stumps ana Bail* 

Suits— _ , 

Gymna'm, WotnCR • 
Swimming 

Supporters — 
Ankle 
Wrist 

Suspensories 

Sweat Band 

Sweaters 

Swivels, Striking 0%$ 

Duelling 
Fencing 



Take-Off Board 

Tape- . 
Adhesive 
Cricket, Measurinf 
Marking, Tennis 
Measuring Steel 

Tees, Golf 

Tether Tennis 

Tights- 
Athletic 
Full 

Full. Wresdint 
Knee 

Toe Boards 

Trapeze 

Trousers. Y.M.C^ 

Trunks — 
Bathing 
Velvet 
Worsted 



Umpire Indicator 
Uniforms, Base BaQ 



Wands. CalisthenJQ 
Watches. Stop 
Water Wings 
Weights, 56.!b. 
Whistles, Referees 
Wrestling Equipmeol 
Wrist Machines 



fPIOyPTiTTEJmOIISIVEIITO 



A.G.SPALDING & BROS 

STORES IN ALL LARGE CITIES 



FOICOMPlfTEUSTOf 
SE INSIDE FNNT 



STOfSTOSQll 
WTCOyER I 



.f ricM in e{f«ct JiMMor ^ 1914> i Sabjvct to clMng« witlMvt aoti««. For C*D*di»p pric«s s«« «»«q«| ^ttii'iin fliiHniif 



standard Policy 



A Standard Qyality must be inseparably linked to a Standard Policy. 

Without a definite and Standard Mercantile Policy, it is impossible for a 
Manufacturer to long maintain a Standard Qyality. 

To market his goods through the jobber, a manufacturer must provide a 
profit for the jobber as well as for the retail dealer. To meet these conditions 
of Dual Profits, the manufacturer is obliged to set a proportionately high list 
price on his goods to the consumer. 

To enable the glib salesman, when booking his orders, to figure out 
attractive profits to both the jobber and retailer, these high list prices are 
absolutely essential ; but their real purpose v^rill have been served v/hen the 
manufacturer has secured his order from the jobber, and the jobber has secured 
his order from the retailer. 

However, these deceptive high list prices are not fair to the consumer, who 
does not, and, in reality, is not ever expected to pay these fancy list prices. 

When the season opens for the sale of such goods, with their misleading 
but alluring high list prices, the retailer begins to realize his responsibilities, and 
grapples with the situation as best he can, by offering "special discounts," 
which vary with local trade conditions. 

Under this system of merchandising, the profits to both the manufacturer 
and the jobber are assured ; but as there is no stability maintained in the prices 
to the consumer, the keen competition amongst the local dealers invariably 
leads to a demoralized cutting of prices by which the profits of the retailer are 
practically eliminated. 

This demoralization always reacts on the manufacturer. The jobber insists 
on lower, and still lower, prices. The manufacturer, in his turn, meets this 
demandfor the lowering of prices by the only way open to him, viz.: the cheap- 
ening and degrading of the quality of his product. 

The foregoing conditions became so intolerable that 15 years ago, in 1899, 
A. G. Spalding & Bros, determined to rectify this demoralization in the Athletic 
Goods Trade, and inaugurated what has since become known as " The Spalding 
Policy."^ 

The " Spalding Policy " eliminates the jobber entirely, so far as Spalding 
Goods are concerned, and the retail dealer secures the supply of Spalding 
Athletic Goods direct from the manufacturer by which the retail dealer is 
assured a fair, legitimate and certain profit on all Spalding Athletic Goods, and 
the consumer is assured a Standard Qyality and is protected from imposition. 

The "Spalding Policy" is decidedly for the interest and protection of the 
users of Athletic Goods, and acts in two ways : 

First. —The user is assured of genuine Official Standard Athletic Goods. 

Second.— A.S manufacturers, we can proceed with confidence in 
purchasing at the proper time, the very best raw materials required 
in the manufacture of our various goods, well ahead of their 
respective seasons, and this enables us to provide the necessary 
quantity and absolutely maintain the Spalding Standard of Qyality. 

All retail dealers handling Spalding Athletic Goods are requested to supply 
consumers at our regular printed catalogue prices— neither more nor less— the same 
prices that similar goods are sold for in our New York, Chicago and other stores. 

All Spalding dealers, asw^ell as users of Spalding Athletic Goods, are treated 
exactly alike, and no special rebates or discriminations are allowed to anyone. 

This briefly, is the "Spalding Policy." which has already been in successful 
operation for the past 1 5 years, and will be indefinitely continued. 

In other words, "The Spalding Policy" is a "square deal" for everybody. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS. 

*^ f Pf J|lv ^ PRESIDENT. C^ 



standard Quality 



An article that is universally given the appellation "Standard" is thereby 
conceded to be the criterion, to which are compEired all other things of a similar 
nature. For instance, the Gold DoUar of the United States is the Standard unit 
of currency, because it must legally contain a specific proportion of pure gold, 
and the fact of its being Genuine is guaranteed by the Government Stamp 
thereon. As a protection to the users of this currency against counterfeiting and 
other tricks, considerable money is expended in maintaining a Secret Service 
Bureau of Experts. Under the law, citizen manufacturers must depend to a 
great extent upon Trade-Marks and similar devices to protect themselves against 
counterfeit products — without the aid of "Government Detectives" or "Public 
Opinion" to assist them. 

Consequently the "Consumer's Protection" against misrepresentation and 
" inferior quality " rests entirely upon the integrity and responsibility of the 
" Manufacturer." 

A. G. SpaJding & Bros, have, by their rigorous attention to "Quality," for 
thirty-eight years, caused their Trade-Mark to become known throughout 
the world as a Guarantee of Quality as dependable in their field as the 
U. S. Currency is in its field. 

The necessity of upholding the Guarantee of the Spalding Trade-Mark and 
maintaining the Standard Quality of their Athletic Goods, is, therefore, as obvi- 
ous as is the necessity of the Government in maintaining a Standard Currency. 

Thus each consumer is not only insuring himself but also protecting other 
consumers when he assists a Reliable Manufacturer in upholding his Trade- 
Mark and all that it stands for. Therefore, we urge all users of our Athletic 
Goods to assist us in maintaining the Spalding Standard of Elxcellence, by 
insisting that our Trade-Mark be plainly stemiped on all athletic goods which 
they buy, because without this precaution our best efforts towards maintaining 
Standard Quality and preventing fraudulent substitution v^U be ineffectual. 

Manufacturers of Standard Articles invariably suffer the reputation of being 
high-priced, and this sentiment is fostered £md emphasized by makers of 
" inferior goods," wth w^hom low prices are the main consideration. 

A manufacturer of recognized Standard Goods, with a reputation to uphold 
and a guarantee to protect must necessarily have higher prices than a mzuiufac- 
turer of cheap goods, whose idea of and basis of a claim for Standard Quality 
depends principally upon the eloquence of the salesman. 

We know from experience hat there is no quicksand more unstable than 
poverty in quality — and we avoid Jiis quicksand by Standard Quality. 




^iy^ /^s^^^zp^ 



ATHLETIC I/IBRARY 



A separate book covers every Athletic Sport 

and is Off icial and Standard 

Price 10 cents each 



GRAND PRIX 




^«@ai 




PARIS. 1900 



ST. LOU IS. 1904 ^ It JnL XJ U 1^ Ur PARIS. 1900 

ATHLETIC GOODS 

ARE THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD 



A. G. Spalding ® Bros. 

MAINTAIN WHOLESALE and RETAIL STORES in the FOLLOWING CITIES 
NEW YORK CHICAGO ST. LOUIS 

BOSTON MILWAUKEE KANSAS CITY 

PHILADELPHIA DETROIT SAN FRANCISCO 

NEWARK CINCINNATI LOS ANGELES 

ALBANY CLEVELAND SEATTLE 

BUFFALO COLUMBUS SALT LAKE CITY 

SYRACUSE INDIANAPOLIS PORTLAND 

ROCHESTER PITTSBURGH MINNEAPOLIS 

BALTIMORE WASHINGTON ATLANTA ST. PAUL 



LONDON. ENGLAND 

LIVERPOOL. ENGLAND 
BIRMINGHAM. ENGLAND 
MANCHESTER, ENGLAND 
EDINBURGH. SCOTLAND 
GLASGOW. SCOTLAND 



LOUISVILLE DENVER 
NEW ORLEANS DALLAS 
MONTREAL. CANADA 
TORONTO, CANADA 
PARIS. FRANCE 
SYDNEY. AUSTRALIA 



Factories o^vned and operated I>y A.C.Spaldirtf & Bros, and w^ereel/ofJpa/din^} 
fe-Marked Athletic Goods are mode are located in the following 



CHICAGO 



FRANCISCO CHICOiPEE. 



BROOKIiYN BOSTON PHILADELPHIA LONDON. 



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